因地而异:加拿大当代景观设计

Terrain-Specific: Contemporary Landscape Architecture in Canada

郁郁葱葱的植被和广阔的地形使得如画的荒野景观成为了加拿大国家形象的重要组成部分。那么,我们该如何理解那些经过设计的当代城市景观?多伦多大学艾丽莎·诺斯教授主编的《天然地形:加拿大景观设计》一书关注气候变化下的景观演变,结合当代设计理论,重点介绍了在加拿大独特的地形之上塑造的景观设计项目。在东海岸,位于圣约翰的“过境”(In Transit)装置和斯宾塞岛的景观设计项目通过将自然地理特征、历史知识、本土材料和手工艺紧密结合,强调了场所文化特征;在凯克尔滕领地公园遗址所在地,设计师与当地因纽特社区的合作促进了包括文化相关研究方法在内的设计策略的制定。该书为加拿大景观设计带来了更多灵感,同时填补了相关文字记录的空白,展现了加拿大当代景观设计有别于全球其他地区的景观实践(尤其是文字记载丰富的美国景观)的独特魅力。20世纪早期,定居在加拿大的艺术家们通过大尺度的绘画直观地展现那里的荒野景观。然而,这些图画虽然凸显了地域的广阔,却忽略了其背后隐藏的地域文化特性。20世纪下半叶,加拿大景观设计摒弃了之前盛行的“国际主义风格”——将普适性设计应用于不同的地区和场地,转而遵循“批判性地域主义”设计理念。景观设计师与当地居民合作,仔细评估地理环境、文化背景等因素,因地制宜地制定土地管理策略和景观干预措施。在“生态都市主义”的影响下,景观设计作品反映并参考了加拿大天然地形中的典型生态系统,不断演变并最终形成了自身独有的景观气质。全球气候变暖使得加拿大(尤其是北部地区)的景观处于持续变化之中。当下,景观设计师更应该化挑战为机遇,建立起与相关专业人员、传统知识传承人的合作关系,共同探索适应气候变化的新的景观干预手段。

The Canadian landscape has typically captured a global imaginary of a pristine wild,but how might its urban designed landscapes be distinctly understood?Foregrounded by the landscape transformations accelerated by climate change,the book Innate Terrain:Canadian Landscape Architecture,edited by Professor Alissa North from the University of Toronto,highlights landscape architecture projects situated on the unique Canadian terrain.Providing further provocation on Canadian landscape architecture,Innate Terrain seeks to fill the literary gap on contemporary landscape perspectives,distinguishing Canadian landscape architecture from global practice,and particularly,its welldocumented American counterpart.Landscape architecture in the Canadian context has evolved and established its own distinct identity,one imbued with national and local sensitivities.Informed by diverse environmental and cultural contexts,Canadian-designed landscapes reflect and refer to the prevailing ecosystems of Canada’s innate terrain.Contrary to the preceding International Style,landscape architecture projects in Canada have adopted the ethos of Critical Regionalism in the second half of the 20th century.Contemporary Canadian practitioners are designing landscapes that are deeply informed by their surrounding geographical context while emphasizing cultural specificity.Central to this cultural specificity,addressed by a new generation of landscape architects,is the increasing recognition of Indigenous Traditional Knowledge within the discipline.Canadian landscape architects have collaborated with First Nations,Inuit,and Métis communities,including the keepers of this knowledge,to develop land management strategies and design landscape interventions.