处于崩溃中心的树木:多型铁心木与夏威夷的未来

The Tree at the Center of Collapse: ‘ōhi‘a Lehua and Hawaii’s Future

长期以来,除了大气环流与洋流、火山活动以及气候危机带来的环境压力之外,夏威夷群岛还面临来自于美国本土的压力:由于夏威夷群岛的自然环境与风土人情有着独特而鲜明的热带特征,其农作物及当地文化表演等也成为了重要的经济与文化产品,以满足美国本土的物质与精神消费需求。19世纪初,夏威夷群岛便被用作试验与发展岛屿种植业的基地,岛上的原生植被被大量砍伐,美国本土也由此建立了对夏威夷群岛的支配地位;第二次世界大战结束后,美国本土开始以商品拜物教的形式对夏威夷群岛进行同化。如今,夏威夷虽然名义上已是美国辖州,但本质上仍是一处象征着消费、享乐与热带风情的边缘之地。种植园体系使夏威夷的自然生态及文化稳定性都遭到了破坏,岛上历史悠久的树木种群也深受其害,“铁心木快速死亡”(ROD)就是其表现之一。这种树木疾病由三种以上来源未知的真菌造成,主要侵袭当地的特色植物物种——多型铁心木。多型铁心木是夏威夷群岛的先锋物种,也是当地森林的重要组成部分,能够吸收空气中的二氧化硫,增肥土壤;多型铁心木更是夏威夷当地文化的象征,在民间传说和传统服饰中都能看到它的身影。因此,ROD的蔓延不仅给夏威夷带来了自然生态危机,也使原住民与自然环境之间的纽带濒临断裂。为此,本文呼吁以治理ROD为契机,采取修复性景观干预措施,通过面向未来的土地管理措施,保护夏威夷群岛的自然生态系统及原住民文化。这种土地管理方法旨在帮助原住民复兴传统知识、重拾对岛屿发展的话语权,使夏威夷群岛摆脱历史上从经济、文化、政治等多个层面形成的刻板印象,这也是对全球化资本主义的一种反抗。

Hawaii is on the threshold of collapse.Over a century of American colonization and exploitation of the islands and their people has resulted in the island chain facing critical environmental and cultural catastrophe.This article examines the emergence of Rapid‘ōhi‘a Death as a critical aeolian pathogen capable of wiping out the most culturally and ecologically significant species representing over 50%of Hawaii’s forests.Plantation histories are unpacked as foundational tools which directly led to deep alteration to the cultural fabric and landscape of the islands,accelerating the complex issues faced by Hawaii and Hawaiians today.This crisis offers landscape architects and the design professions grounds for a new methodology to approach both ecological and cultural issues as one to tackle the issues stemming from ongoing climate change.Furthermore,the article underscores the need to rethink the American fetishization of the Hawaiian Islands and look instead to how land stewardship and landscape practices can facilitate a self-determinant,equitable,and resilient future.