基于过去二十年间的设计研究项目评述景观设计师在气候适应实践中的专长

Mapping Landscape Architects’ Expertise in Climate Adaptation With Design Research Projects Over the Past Two Decades

我们可以将气候危机看作一种威胁,也可以将之视为一种机遇,因为它促使不同文化、学科和行业前所未有地团结一致,这种团结有望彻底改变最初导致气候危机的根深蒂固的恶性循环。本文评述了景观设计师在多学科综合性气候适应语境中的专业性,即“景观专长”(landscapeexpertise)。当代景观设计学科中以“系统”和“过程”为主导的思维模式,能成为跨学科气候行动、团结协作的强有力工具。然而,在现实中,气候相关的讨论通常由决策者、科学家和工程师主导,景观专长仍然被忽视甚或边缘化;如今的景观设计师仍然面临着其他学科专家的误解——在本文作者过去的多学科合作经历中,许多其他领域的专家仅简单地将景观设计等同于美学和生态层面的设计,而忽视了景观设计师在解决复杂、多元问题时重视“系统”和“过程”的思维方法,而本文恰旨在回应这一对景观专长理解上的欠缺。文章首先通过剖析美国弗吉尼亚州的一项由政府领导的大规模海岸适应总体规划实践,梳理出当前世界气候适应实践工作所涉及的专业领域。文章继而对过去二十年间一系列景观设计项目进行了理论分析,并提出了三个术语——“空间化”(spatialize)、“融合”(synthesize)和“推想”(speculate)——以阐释多学科综合性气候适应项目中景观专长的内涵。“空间化”是指景观设计师通过战略性地展示“数据”,批判性地审读地图和构建知识的能力。“融合”是指景观设计师通过物理空间实践,统筹考量文化、生态、历史、生物和政治等视角,来构想“多物种共生”的愿景。“推想”旨在将景观设计视为一种必须频繁运营的长期实践,从而将景观设计视为“基于实践产生知识”的探索性框架,而非由理论知识主导实践的过程。

This article maps out landscape architects’ expertise in multidisciplinary,comprehensive climate adaptation discourse.Systemic frameworks and process-driven approaches in contemporary Landscape Architecture discipline can become a powerful tool for harnessing unprecedented solidarity for climate actions across fields.However,landscape expertise is still largely ignored or marginalized in real-life climate discourse dominated by policymakers,scientists,and engineers.This study addresses this gap in understanding landscape expertise through design research projects over the past two decades.The article theorizes a body of landscape architecture projects in the past two decades,and proposes three terms—spatialize,synthesize,and speculate—for describing the landscape expertise in multidisciplinary,comprehensive climate adaptation projects.“Spatialize” refers to landscape architects’ capacity to construct knowledge through strategically displaying “data” through critical cartography.“Synthesize” is the ability to envision multispecies entanglement by combining cultural,ecological,historical,biological,and political lenses through material practices.“Speculate” means to understand landscape design as a long-term practice with repeated operations,and,thus,to design is to deploy a speculative framework that generates knowledge through practice.