社区催化剂:加纳温尼巴市以社会包容为导向的可持续水卫生设施系统建设

Community Catalyst:Building a Water Sanitation System for Social Inclusion in Winneba,Ghana

温尼巴市位于西非国家加纳的几内亚湾沿岸地区,拥有被列入《湿地公约》的重要生态湿地,却面临严重的环境、经济和社会问题,比如水卫生危机、公共设施缺乏、环境退化、不平等经济条件下的性别差异、社会冲突等。长期以来,这些问题互相作用,形成了难以解决的恶性循环。本项目通过举办合作研讨会、"群众外包"决策活动、实地调研、交互式网页地图制作等方法对温尼巴市社会背景和传统风俗进行了深入研究,提出了一个集排水沟系统、雨水花园、取水站、果园、公共沼气卫生间、有机垃圾收集站于一体的,能促进生态环境与社会良性变革的水卫生设施系统。项目划分为"建立公共空间概念-通过协作劳动营造场地-连接社区"三个实施阶段,引入自下而上、鼓励社区参与的奖励制度,通过激发集体的合作和劳动热情,鼓励居民以社区为单位主动参与到社区公共绿地的建造与维护过程中,从而改善社区内部乃至整个城市的生态、经济和社会环境。项目所提供的不仅是一类公共空间节点的设计,抑或是一项城市绿色系统的规划,更是一条发展中国家通过居民和社区参与实现可持续的水卫生设施系统管理的治理途径。

Located on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea in Ghana,West Africa,the city of Winneba boasts one of the important ecological wetlands inscribed on the list of Ramsar Sites.However,Winneba faces daunting environmental,economic and social challenges—e.g.water sanitation crisis,infrastructure deficiency,environmental degradation,gender inequality,and social conflicts—interacting with each other to create a vicious cycle.Based on a collaborative workshop,a“crowd-sourcing”decisionmaking process,on-site fieldworks,and an Interactive Web Map,the project team develops in-depth study of the social context and traditional customs of Winneba.A water sanitation system,also as a network of public spaces that facilitates ecological and social improvement,is proposed.It includes drainage systems,rain gardens,water kiosks,orchards,public biogas toilets,and organic waste collection stations.Combining a three-phase implementation,i.e.establish the concept of public space,create a site through collaborative work,and connect communities,the project team introduces a bottom-up incentive system that encourages local community residents to collaborate and participate in constructing and maintaining the public space system for their communities,so as to improve the wellbeing of the communities and the city.Not just proving a design strategy for a kind of public space or a plan for a network of urban green space system,this project sets an exemplar to long-term sustainable management of water sanitation system through self-government of residents and communities in developing countries.