我国小麦产后前端收获环节减损对策研究——基于我国8省239县的调查数据

Research on Countermeasures for Reducing Loss in the Frontend Harvest of Wheat Production in China——Based on the survey data of 239 counties in 8 provinces in China

减少粮食产后环节损失是最环保和有效的增产方式,对于保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。本文采用2022年河北、山西、江苏、安徽、山东、河南、陕西、四川等8个省239个县市区共计2447个采样点小麦机收损失调查数据,通过对我国小麦产后前端收获环节的损失现状、损失原因、影响因素等方面深入调查分析,提出减损治理对策。研究发现,我国小麦产后前端收获环节损失率呈下降趋势;但从调查地区看,不同地区小麦产后前端收获环节损失率有明显差异。通过对比实验发现:不同收获装备品牌、不同技术经验机手、不同机械技术机型、不同收获时机下,小麦收获损失率有显著差异。进一步研究还发现:机械化收获作业精细化水平不高,作物种植的行距标准不统一,农户节粮减损成本收益难以平衡,代收获专业化服务体系不健全等是影响小麦收获环节损失的主要原因。基于此,应加强收获环节智能节粮装备技术研发,推进作物适度规模化和标准化种植,加强机手收割技术经验交流与培训,开展收获环节机收常态化减损监测,降低农户收获环节粮食减损成本,完善粮食产后收获环节综合服务体系。

Reducing post production losses of grain is the most environmentally friendly and effectively way to increase production,which is of great significance for ensuring national food security.This article uses data from a total of 2447 sampling points in 239 counties and cities in 8 provinces,including Hebei,Shanxi,Jiangsu,Anhui,Shandong,Henan,Shaanxi,and Sichuan,in 2022,to investigate and analyze the current situation,causes,and influencing factors of wheat harvest losses in the front-end post harvest stage of wheat production in China.Through in-depth investigation and analysis,measures for reducing losses are proposed.Research has found that the loss rate of grain and wheat in the front-end harvest stage after production in China is decreasing;However,from the perspective of the surveyed regions,there are significant differences in the loss rate of wheat in the front-end harvest stage after postpartum in different regions.Through comparative experiments,it was found that there were significant differences in the loss rate of wheat harvest under different harvesting equipment brands,different technical experience robots,different mechanical technology models,and different harvesting times.Further research also found that the low level of precision in mechanized harvesting operations,inconsistent row spacing standards for crop planting,difficulty in balancing the cost and benefits of grain saving and loss reduction for farmers,and an inadequate professional service system for harvesting agents are the main reasons affecting the losses in the wheat harvesting process.Based on this,it is necessary to strengthen the research and development of intelligent grain saving equipment technology in the harvesting process,promote moderate scale and standardized planting of crops,strengthen the exchange and training of experience in manual harvesting technology,carry out normalized loss reduction monitoring in the harvesting process,reduce the cost of grain loss reduction for farmers in the harvesting process,and improve the comprehensive service system for post harvest grain harvesting.