未成年人严重不良行为矫治措施的反思和重构——从湖南12岁男孩弒母案谈起

Reflection and Reconstruction of Corrective Measures for Severe Juvenile Delinquency:Talking about the Case of Killing Mother by a 12-year-old Boy in Hunan

面对未成年人严重不良行为时有发生的状况,与其在是否应该降低刑事责任年龄起点的问题上争论不休、难下定论,不如转而探究构建一个具有系统性、层次性和衔接性的严重不良行为矫治机制。目前,我国不同法律法规中规定了工读教育、治安处罚、收容教育和收容教养等10余种难以界分的矫治措施,其衔接上未成系统性,内容上惩罚性质大于教育性质,适用过程中未能充分整合矫治资源。我国应以注重形成系统性矫治机制、弱化惩罚未成年人的标签效应、整合国家和社会矫治资源为基本方向,实现矫治效果最佳化、未成年人利益最大化和资源利用最优化。可在现有法律框架、矫治机构和矫治资源的基础上重构现有矫治措施,形成以训诫→社区感化→工读教育→收容教养四种矫治措施为主的多层级矫治机制,同时明确各矫治措施的适用对象和衔接机制。此外,还需完善法律法规,回应执法权合法性的诘难;优化矫治内容,消减惩罚意味过重的批判;建设配套机构,形成矫治工作开展的客观基础,最终保障矫治机制的良好运行。

Instead of arguing over whether the age of criminal responsibility should be lowered or not,it is better to explore and construct a systematic,hierarchical and cohesive correction mechanism to deal with severe juvenile delinquency.At present,there are more than ten kinds of corrective measures that are hard to be distinguished in different laws and regulations,such as reformatory education,public security punishment,detaining education and rehabilitation.The connection of those measures is not systematic,the punishing nature of them is greater than that of education,and corrective resources are not fully integrated.When reconstructing and optimizing corrective measures in China,we need to focus on the formation of a systematic corrective mechanism,reduce the labeling effect of juvenile punishment,and integrate national and social corrective resources,so as to achieve the best corrective effect,maximize the interests of juveniles and optimize the utilization of resources.We can reconstruct and optimize existing corrective measures based on existing legal framework,corrective institutions and corrective resources,then build a correction system,which contains reprimand,community influence,reformatory education and rehabilitation,at the same time,clear the application of the correctional model object and the cohesion mechanism,can also make correctional system with clear division of responsibilities and tight cohesion.In addition,we need to improve laws and regulations,in response to doubts about the lack of legitimacy;optimize correction content,reduce criticism of heavy punishment;construct a complete set of institutions,form an objective basis of correcting work;eventually provide good support and assurance to correction system of severe juvenile delinquency.