自然灾害中学校事故的法律责任的判例分析——东日本大地震大川小学海啸诉讼案一审判决

School Accidents Liability in Natural Disaster: from the Analysis on the First Instance Judgment of Okawa Primary School Tsunami Case of Great East Japan Earthquake

2011年3月11日东日本大地震后发生海啸,大川小学74名学生、10名教师在避难途中丧生。2016年10月本案一审判决指出,根据《学校保健安全法》,学校举办者有责任和义务保障学生安全,学校的校长和教师在履行职务过程中没能履行"确保学生安全职务上的注意义务"。本案判决表明,日本自然灾害中学校事故的法律责任的归责原则是学校是否履行了职务上的注意义务。"注意义务"的构成要件为,事故发生前是否可能预料到事故的发生(预见义务)以及是否可能避免结果的发生(结果回避义务)。"确保学生安全职务上的注意义务"具体内容的确立,对明确《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》中关于学校事故"教育、管理的职责"的内容以及法律责任的探讨有一定的理论和实践意义。

A total of 74 pupils and 10 teachers died on the way evacuating from school in the Tsunami that followed the magnitude-9 earthquake on March 11,2011.In October 2016,Sendai District Court ruled that the school failed in fulfilling the duty of safety care according to the Law on School Health and Safety,and that the school should have evacuated children to a nearby hill rather than an area near a riverbank.From the study of the judgement,it can be known that the duty of care in Japan are composed of duty of result forecast and duty of result evasion.This study can also enrich the theory and legal practice of the legal liability of school accidents happened in natural disasters in China.