“Neo-Confucian(ism)”概念的近代流变及其思想史意义

The evolution of the concept of“Neo-Confucian(ism)”in modern times and its significance in Ideological History

唐宋之际的三教合流与明清之际的耶儒交涉分别推动了宋明新儒学思潮及其概念的产生。在1687年出版的《中国哲学家孔夫子》中,来华耶稣会士柏应理率先使用“新诠释者”和“无神论政客”概念来指称程朱理学家,认为理学家对儒家经典的新诠释及其无神论倾向违背了原始儒家思想。由此派生的“Neo-Confucian(ism)”概念在19世纪末20世纪初被基督新教传教士和西方学术界的东亚学者用来指称整合三教,恢复先秦宗教传统,并构建起形而上学体系的宋明新儒家(学)。冈仓天心(在1903年)和胡适(在1917年)是较早在西方学术界使用“Neo-Confucian(ism)”概念的东亚学者。近代西方“Neo-Confucian(ism)”概念最初指程朱理学及其传入朝鲜、日本等国后形成的朱子学,后来扩大到指称宋明道学,包括程朱理学和陆王心学。

The confluence of the three religions in the Tang and Song Dynasties and the negotiation between Jesuit and Confucianism in the Ming and Qing Dynasties respectively promoted the emergence of the neo-Confucianism trend of thought and its concept.In Confucius Sinarum Philosophus,published in 1687,the Chinese Jesuit Parry took the lead in using the concepts of“Neoterici Intérpretes”and“atheopoliticus”to refer to the neo-Confucianists,arguing that the neo-Confucianists’new interpretation of the Confucian classics and their atheistic tendencies were against the original Confucianism.The resulting concept,called“Neo-Confucian”,was used by Protestant missionaries and East Asian scholars in Western academia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to refer to the Song and Ming Neo-Confucianism that integrated the three religions,restored pre-Qin religious traditions and built a metaphysical system.Okakura Kakuzo(in 1903)and Hu Shi(in 1917)were among the first East Asian scholars to adopt the concept of“Neo-Confucian(ism)”in Western academia.In modern times,the concept of“Neo-Confucian(ism)”in the West initially referred to the Cheng-Zhu Confucian School and the Zhuzi School that it brought to Korea,Japan and other countries.It has since expanded to refer to the Song-Ming Confucian School of Taoism,including Cheng-Zhu Confucian School and Lu-Wang Confucian School of Mind.