回应“孔汉思难题”——以明末清初儒家基督徒的双重教籍及本土化实践作答

To Answer Hans Küng’s question of Dual Religious Citizenship:Case Study of Inculturated Practice of Late Ming Confucian Christian In China

孔汉思在《中国宗教与基督教》一书的跋提出“文化双重身份”、“伦理双重身份”和“信仰双重身份”三个概念,认为在亚洲文化处境中,文化双重身份是可能的,伦理双重身份是必要的,但信仰双重身份不可能存在或被接受。对于多元宗教呈紧张关系的现代世界来说,此现象的确可称为“孔汉思难题”。本文以16至17世纪明末清初基督教入华后产生的儒家基督徒的双重教籍现象及其本土化实践为例,尝试对“孔汉思难题”进行解答。明末清初儒家基督徒的宗教对话以及建构多重身份等实践表明:通过宗教间的深度学习及对自身传统的创造性转化,是有可能超越孔汉思难题的。

In the epilogue of Christianity And Chinese Religions(1988),Hans Küng addressed three related concept:cultural dual citizenship,ethic dual citizenship and dual citizenship in faith.He believed in Asian context,the former two citizenships could be accepted,but dual citizenship in faith would not,and should not exist and should be rejected.However,in mordern world,different religions carry on intense relationships among each other and are seemed could not coexist peacefully together due to different religious citizenships,so this can be regarded as the“question raised by Hans Küng”.In the history of Christianity in China in the 16th to 17th century(in late Ming Danasty),the dual religious citizenship of the Confucian Christian had been existed and could challege Küng’s question.The Late Ming Confucian Christian’s religious belongings/citizenships and their practice of composing and transforming religious belongings,merging multiple religious identities in the dialogue between Christianity and Confucian School,and their interreligious learning,suggest that in Chinese religious context,it is possible to answer and transcend Küng’s question.