“三面”汤若望:汤若望的身份困境与历史书写

A Missionary in Late Ming and Early Qing with“Three Faces”:On Johann Adam von Bell’s Identity Dilemma and Its Historical Writings

处于东西之间的“中间人”传教士具有多重身份。这些身份及其历史展现是由不同的社会处境及历史书写所造成的结果,从而造成了复杂的传教士历史形象。作为利玛窦之后最为成功的传教士,汤若望的人物形象具有三种面相:科学家官员、宗教传教士、迷信活动者。三种身份交织在一起,使得汤若望受到教内外不同层面的质疑与批评;而不同的历史书写又在有意展现或遮蔽其中不同的面相。本文通过梳理相关文献,在已有研究成果的基础上,揭示“三面”汤若望的历史形象及其历史书写,从而为全面理解传教士以及相关历史人物的复杂性与多面性提供有益参考。

As an“in-betweenness”,missionary always had multiple identities.These identities were the result of and shaped by different social situations and contexts,which had caused the complex historical images of missionaries.As one of the most successful missionaries after Matteo Ricci(1552-1610),Johann Adam Schall von Bell(1591-1666)’s figure had three faces:scientist-official,religious missionary,and superstitious activist.The three identities were intertwined,which made Johann Adam Schall von Bell be questioned and criticized both by the inside and outside of the church at different levels.This paper reveals the historical images of three faces and identity dilemma of Johann Adam von Bell,based on the existing research results,so as to provide a useful reference for a comprehensive understanding of the complexity and multifaceted nature of missionaries and related historical figures.