二十世纪早期中国“非基督教”浪潮及国民政府管控基督宗教的尝试

A Review of the Anti-Christian Waves Among China and the Attempt of the Nanjing National Government to Administrate Christianity in the Early 20th Century

本文以二十世纪早期中国"非基督教"浪潮及南京国民政府管控基督宗教的尝试为例,说明基督宗教与中国社会深刻的意识形态和实际管辖权矛盾、冲突。论文首先引述一则使用较少的材料,概述清代"教案"生发逻辑。继而介绍"新文化运动"以后中国知识界在舆论上对基督宗教和宗教持续的批判,以及实际行动中的"非基督教运动"。论文随后以简述国民党思想中的民族主义观念为铺垫,介绍国民政府外交部1929年向梵蒂冈提出的"教约草案"中的六条内容,借以分析国民政府在废除不平等条约和外国教会在华特权、加强对基督宗教事务管控等方面的尝试与努力。论文最后以美国玛利诺会传教士嘉纯良的事例,说明国民政府时期地方力量与天主教在华外籍传教士的纠纷。

By reviewing of the Anti-Christian waves among China and the attempt of the Nanjing National Government to administrate Christianity in the early 20 th century,this paper is trying to discover the profound ideological contradiction between Christianity and Chinese Society,and the realistic conflict with Chinese authorities.The paper begins with quoting a less used resource from a Chinese intellectual,which gave a brief but compelling explanation for the causes of the Missionary Cases in the Late Qing Dynasty.Then it introduces the continuous criticism of Christianity and religion by Chinese intellectuals in thoughts,and the Anti-Christian Movement in practice after the New Culture Movement.After a brief account of the nationalism in the Kuomintang’s ideology,the paper continues with six items of the Draft of the Concordat with Vatican which proposed by the Foreign Ministry of the National Government in 1929.From these six items the National Governments attempts and efforts in abolishing the unequal treaties with western powers,the privileges of foreign churches in China,and strengthening the administration over Christianity can be clearly observed.At the end of this paper,the case of Farther Sandy Cairns,an American missionary of Maryknoll,is used to illustrate the dispute between the local forces and the Catholic missionaries in China in 1930 s.