從蘊涵關係看漢語義位衍生次序的判定——以名動詞義爲例

Judging the Derivative Order of Chinese Semantics from the Perspective of Implicit Relations

衍生義位之間往往存在隱性的蘊涵關係,表現是原始義一般規定了衍生義在某一方面的性質或特徵。就名動詞義關係來説,如果是動詞義衍生出名詞義,則動詞義往往規定了該名詞的功能、來源等語義特徵,而該名詞的形態、類屬等語義特徵則較爲開放,故多爲集體名詞;如果是名詞義衍生出動詞義,則名詞義往往規定了該動詞的受事、工具等語義特徵,而該動詞其他方面的語義特徵一般無限定,整體詞義多表現出綜合性特點。這種語義上的蘊涵關係爲義位衍生次序的判定提供了比較可靠的依據。

There are often implicative relationships between derived sememes.This is manifested as:the original meaning generally specifies the nature or characteristics of the derivative meaning in a certain aspect.In terms of the semantic relationship between nouns and verbs:if the meaning of a noun is derived from the meaning of a verb,the meaning of the verb often specifies one of the semantic features of the noun,such as its function and source.However,the semantic features of the noun,such as its form and category,are relatively open,so it is often a collective noun.If the verb meaning is derived from the noun meaning,the noun meaning often specifies one of the semantic features of the verb,such as the patient and tool,while the semantic features of other aspects of the verb are generally infinite,and the overall meaning of the verb often shows comprehensive characteristics.This semantic implication relationship provides a relatively reliable basis for determining the order of semantic derivation.