古漢語“(S)不+NP”結構探究

On the structure of "(s)Bu+NP" in ancient Chinese

古漢語中“(S)不+NP”結構的研究成果并不多,大部分斷代語法研究都對在這一框架結構下所表現的語義的差異視而不見,個别研究又以翻譯代替語法分析,分類過細。在“(S)不+NP”結構下的小類中,S與光杆名詞N表現出領屬關係的一類,N無論是抽象名詞、物質名詞還是有生名詞,它們與“無N”語義相等并非由于“不”與“無”功能重合,而是一部分本就是名形兼類詞或名動兼類詞,另一小部分物質名詞和有生名詞可以活用爲形容詞,表示“擁有N的性狀”;S與光杆名詞N表現出類屬關係以及類比關係的小類,多被人劃爲N名詞動用用法,此類當是相較于“非”的語法功能,對照而衍生類推出來的“不”的有標記用法,此類沿用至現代漢語;被判定爲名詞活用爲動詞的用例屬于先秦漢語中“綜合性動詞”的小類,將對象或結果等融入行爲動作;NP非光杆名詞而是數詞或數名短語的小類,分别和“非一N”的否定同一性的用法,以及“無一N”否定存在的用法相似。

In ancient Chinese,“(s)Bu+NP”structure has not been studied much.Most of the studies on chronological grammar ignore the semantic differences under this frame structure.In some studies,translation is used instead of grammatical analysis,and the classification is too detailed.After detailed analysis of the subclasses under the structure of"(s)不+NP",it is found that the subclass in which subjective and bare noun N show possessive relationship are classified as the usage of“Wu”as the existential verb“然"by predecessors,actually,most of them are noun adjective words or noun verb type words;the subclass of which subjective and bare noun N show the category relationship and analogy relationship,which are mostly classified as noun usage.But,in fact,this is a marked usage of"不"derived from analogy compared with the grammatical function of“非".In this construction which has been used in modern Chinese,the negative adverb"不"itself can modify the word expressing the continuous state.The identity noun itself has many social attributes to maintain its stable identity;when NP is not a bare noun,but a small category of numeral or noun phrase,and“不”is understood by predecessors as“not only"and“insufficient",it’s similar phenomenon can be find among“非一N"and“無一N".This goes back to the compound function of“不”from the period of oracle bone inscriptions.