《蒼頡篇》定名研究——以出土漢簡爲新材料

Study on the Naming of Cangjie Pian(蒼頡篇)—Based on the Unearthed Documents

《蒼頡篇》是秦代"書同文"的國家文字範本,是漢語漢字史與秦漢史研究的重要研究对象。長期以來,《蒼頡篇》的書名問題懸而未決,或以"蒼"爲本(正)字而作"《蒼頡篇》",或以"倉"爲本(正)字而作"《倉頡篇》",究竟以誰爲確?歷代聚訟紛紜。今發現,《蒼頡篇》書名源自該書首句"蒼頡作書"的前二字,而多批漢簡《蒼頡篇》材料證明,漢本《蒼頡篇》及可據之推定的秦隸本《蒼頡篇》的首句前二字均應當作"蒼頡"而非"倉頡"。秦簡牘材料證明,戰國晚期的秦文字中,"蒼""倉"已完全分化,互不混用,《蒼頡篇》作者李斯定其名爲"蒼頡"而非"倉頡",是受當時"嘉名觀念"以及秦人名用字偏好的影響,目的是凸顯《蒼頡篇》與秦文化的雅正。《蒼頡篇》書名用字的字頻統計也顯示,"倉"並非《蒼頡篇》書名原用字,寫作"《倉頡篇》"者中古以前雖曾零星出現,但直至唐宋之後才大規模興起,相反"蒼"才是該書名的長期主流用字。後人誤以"倉"爲書名正字的根本原因是傳本《蒼頡篇》的亡佚,這使得人們失去了書名參照標準。此外,人們因寫字省簡習慣而寫作"倉",因"倉""蒼"的古今字關係而誤用古字"倉"等原因也起到一定作用。所以,出土材料與傳世文獻的二重證據證明,《蒼頡篇》原書名是以"蒼"爲書名正字而書作"《蒼頡篇》",故今當予以恢復,並以之作爲該書的定名。

Cangjie Pian(蒼頡篇)is a national script template of Writing the same script(书同文)in Qin Dynasty,and an important research object in the study of the history of Chinese characters and the history of Qin and Han.For a long time,the title of Cangjie Pian(蒼頡篇)remains uncertain.Some people use Cang(蒼)as the original character,while others use Cang(倉).Which one is right?There were much discussion.Today it is found that the title of Cangjie Pian(蒼頡篇)is derived from the first two characters of the first sentence of"Cang Jie Zuo Shu"(蒼頡作書).Many batches of materials from the Hanbamboo-slip version of Cangjie Pian(蒼頡篇)prove that the first two characters of the first sentence of the Han version Cangjie Pian(蒼頡篇)and the Qinli(秦隸)version of Cangjie Pian(蒼頡篇)should be Cangjie(蒼頡)instead of Cangjie(倉頡).The Qin bamboo slips prove that in the Qin characters of late Warring States period,Cang(蒼)and Cang(倉)were completely differentiated and were not mixed with each other.Li Si,author of Cangjie Pian(蒼頡篇),named it Cangjie(蒼頡)instead of Cangji(倉頡),which was influenced by the concept of reputation and the preference of Qin people’s names at the time.His purpose was to highlight the concept of elegant legitimism of Pian(蒼頡篇)and Qin culture.The statistics of word frequency of the titles Cangjie Pian(蒼頡篇)also show that Cang(倉)is not the original character of Cangjie Pian(蒼頡篇).Those who wrote Cangjie Pian(倉頡篇)appeared sporadically before the Middle Ages,but had not risen on a large scale until the Tang and Song Dynasties.On the contrary,Cang(蒼)was the mainstream in the long term.The root of mistaken use of Cang(倉)as the title of the book is the death of the circulated copies of Cangjie Plan(蒼頡篇),which caused people to lose the standard reference.In addition,people wrote Cang(倉)according to the habit of saving strokes and the relationship of Cang(倉)and Cang(蒼).Therefore,the dual evidences of the unearthed materials and handed-down documents prove that the correct original title is Cangjie Pian(蒼頡篇),which should be resumed.