禪籍的“腸”系詞語

Terms about“Chang”(腸)in Buddhist Manuscripts

依據斯瓦迪士核心詞列表,"腸"名列86,是穩定的人體詞,腸子可以容物,是一種容器,基於佛教教義,身體是幻化、虛偽、不淨的聚合,腸子容納污穢,故是不淨之器,會障礙修行。基於"修行如教化"的隱喻,世間的教育是輸入各種知識,修行則是灌注精微佛法,禪籍經常提到要傾倒、清洗、灌注、替換腸子,以利於修行悟道。"腸"單用時除了本義之外,還有"内心/心思"義,還進一步產生有佛教味道的"本心/本性"語境義,只不過這個語境義不夠穩固,尚未傳播開來。透過本文梳理,呈現叢林人士如何運用"腸"的概念勾勒修行過程,特殊的佛教色彩豐富了核心詞"腸"的用法。過去對"腸"為何有内心義所敘不多,本文認為該義來自類推,因為"心"是臟器之首,掌管思考的重要器官,古人對"心"是比較熟悉的,所以將對"心"的理解推衍到"腸"上,由於心會思維,故腸子也能思維了。

According to the Swadesh list,"chang"(腸,intestines)is the 86 th term.It is a stable term of human body.Intestines are able to hold objects,thus are considered containers.Based on doctrines of Buddhism,the body is a combination of transformation,hypocrisy,and filthiness.Intestines contain foul objects,thus are filthy containers and obstacles for practice.From the metaphor"practice as enlightenment",worldly education means to cultivate various kinds of knowledge,whereas practice means to introduce sophisticated Buddha dharma.Buddhist manuscripts tend to suggest emptying,cleaning,pouring into,and replacing intestines for practice and enlightenment.Aside from its original meaning,chang(腸)also refers to the meaning of mind/thoughts,which lead to Buddhist contextual meaning of conscience/nature.However,the contextual meaning is not stable,and is not popularly known.The generalization of this study shows how the Zen masters depicted the process of practice via the concept of chang(腸).Special Buddhist characteristics enhance the usage of the core term chang(腸),and in the past it lacked descriptions on the meaning of the mind of an intestine.This study argues that the meaning is analogized.Since heart is prior among internal organs and is important to controls thoughts,ancient people are more familiar with it.Thus,they extended the knowledge of heart to intestines,and since heart shows thoughts,intestines reveal the same function.