以“辟”爲例談談先秦出土文獻所見詞彙的非常用義

Discussion on the Special Meanings of Words in the Unearthed Documents of Pre-Qin Dynasty:Taking Bi(辟)as an Example

詞彙非常用義的研究是全面瞭解詞彙面貌的必要方面,而充分掌握材料又是詞彙非常用義研究的關鍵。先秦出土文獻爲漢語詞彙研究提供了豐富而寶貴的材料,是傳世文獻和字書的有益補充,對詞彙的非常用義研究有重要價值。文章以"辟"字爲例,結合出土文獻材料,對"辟"有"輔助"義的來源及演變過程進行探討,得出以下結論:"辟"字"輔助"義用例主要集中在西周銘文中,書面化程度高、使用範圍有限;"辟"字"輔助"義的來源當是其"治理"義的引申,在内外競争中,因用例少、邊緣化,成爲了"辟"的非常用義。只有全面考察傳世及出土文獻材料,運用二重證據法,借鑒語言學相關理論,方能對詞義尤其是非常用義作出比較客觀、全面的研究。

The study of lexical meaning is a necessary aspect of comprehensively understanding the appearance of vocabulary,and fully grasping the material is the key to the study of lexical meaning.Unearthed documents of pre-qin dynasty provide rich and valuable materials for the study of Chinese vocabulary,which are useful supplements to the handed down documents and calligraphy,and of great value to the study of vocabulary’s special meaning.Taking the character“bi(辟)”as an example and combining with unearthed documents,this paper discusses the origin and evolution of the character“bi”with“auxiliary”meaning,and draws the following conclusions:The use case of the word“bi”is mainly concentrated in the inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty,which is highly written and limited in scope;The source of the word“subsidy”in the word“bi”is an extension of the word“governance”.In the internal and external competition,it has become a very useful word for“bi”because of the few use cases and marginalization.Only by comprehensively examining the handed down and unearthed documents,using the dual evidence method,and drawing on relevant theories of linguistics can we make a more objective and comprehensive study of the meaning of words,especially the unfrequently-used meaning.