也論“倒酒”概念表達方式的現狀與歷史

Synchronic and Diachronic Study on Expressions of the Concept of “Pouring Wine”:A Further Discussion

"倒酒"概念在漢語方言中有不同的表達,其區别在於動詞不同。在現代漢語方言中,"倒酒"概念表達的主導動詞有"倒""篩""斟"。它們在漢語史上的情况大致是:"斟"用作"倒"義始於晚唐五代;"篩"是"釃"的同音替代形式,表"倒"義的"釃"在西晋時已見,歷史上可能一直存在於南部廣大地區。由於六朝以來江南的崛起以及明清南方官話的影響,"釃(篩)"滲透至通語詞彙中;與"酒"相搭配的"倒"始見於唐代。漢語史上表"倒(酒)"義的"傾"不容忽視。漢語史上"倒酒"概念表達中的主導動詞經歷了"傾→傾/斟→斟→斟/篩→倒"的更替。在現代漢語方言中,"傾""斟""篩""倒"分别主要分布在閩語區,粤語,吴語、徽語、贛語、湘語,北方方言中。"倒(酒)"義詞從南到北的變化正是其從古發展到今的體現。該專題對常用詞演變研究的啓示是:概念場背景下的常用詞演變研究要對不同時期處在此概念場的詞做全面的調查和分析。

The expressions of the concept of“pour wine”are different in Chinese dialects.The difference is that the verb is different.In modern Chinese dialects,the leading verbs of the concept of“pour wine”are“dao(倒)”“shai(篩)”“zhen(斟)”.In Chinese history,dao(倒)with the meaning“pour”begin in the late Tang and Five Dynasties.shai(篩)is the pro-forms of shai(釃).The reason is that they are two homonyms.shai(釃)with the meaning“pour”has produced in the Western Jin Dynasty and it may always be in the vast area of the South.Due to the rise of Jiangnan since the Six Dynasties and the influence of Southern Mandarin in Ming and Qing Dynasties,shai(篩/釃)integrates into common language.dao(倒)used for“pour”begin in Tang dynasty and it may always be in the vast area of the North.In the history of Chinese,the word“qing(傾)”with the meaning“pour(wine)”can not be ignored.In Chinese history,the leading word(s)in the“pour(wine)”semantic field go(es)through changes from“qing(傾)”to“qing(傾)”“zhen(斟)”to“zhen(斟)”to“zhen(斟)”“shai(篩)”and then to“dao(倒)”.In modern Chinese dialects,“qing(傾)”“zhen(斟)”“shai(篩)”“dao(倒)”are mainly distributed in Fukienese,Cantonese,Wu dialect,Hui dialect,Gan dialect,Xiang dialect,Northern dialect.The change of words with the meaning“pour(wine)”from south to north is the embodiment of its development from ancient times to present.The inspiration of this topic to the study of the evolution of common words is that the study of the evolution of common words in the context of conceptual field should make a comprehensive investigation and analysis of the words in this conceptual field in different periods.