從視覺動詞到處置介詞——温州方言“望”的語法化和語義地圖

From Visual Verb to Disposal Marker——On the Grammaticalization of[mo^(22)](望)in Wenzhou Dialect and its Semantic Map

在現代漢語普通話和方言中,"望"有"看視""遠眺"等義項,還具有方向介詞的功能。在蒼南、瑞安(塘下)等南部吴語中,"望"還可用來標記"受益者"和"處置對象"等。本文擬構"望"的語法化路徑爲:視覺動詞>介詞(空間位移方向>有生方向>受益者>處置)。從"遠眺"義動詞到方向介詞的演變是"望"語義要素逐漸脱落的結果;從方向介詞引申爲標記"受益者"的介詞經歷了兩次常規結構式組合成分的變異;最後從標記"受益者"到"處置對象"則是温州方言動詞後接補語時賓語需前置於動詞這一語法規則導致句子底層結構重新分析的結果。最後,文章根據"望"的共時多功能,繪製温州方言"望"的語義地圖。

[mo^(22)](望),a verb meaning look far into distance has grammaticalized into a preposition introducing direction of motion in Chinese Mandarin and dialects.While this research discovers that望,in some subsidiary Wenzhou dialects,e.g.Cangnan South Wu Dialect and Ruian(Tangxia)Dialect,has gone further in the grammaticalization chain into a disposal marker.The grammaticalization path of望can be described as:"visual verb>preposition(space direction>animate direction>beneficiary>disposal)".The grammaticalization of望from a visual verb to a directional preposition is the result of gradual disappearance of semantic components,while the variation of syntactic components in the conventional constructions brings about the evolution of望from a directional preposition into a preposition introducing beneficiaries.Finally,the expansion from beneficiary marker to disposal marker is generated by a reanalysis of underlying syntactic structure of objectpreposing sentences,which are prominent in Wenzhou Dialect.A semantic map is also proposed based on the multi-functionality of望in Wenzhou Dialect.