肿瘤病理可视化纳米探针的研究进展

Nanoprobes for Visualization of Cancer Pathology in Vivo

癌症的发生和发展伴随着一系列复杂的分子病理学变化,具有极大的个体差异性.因此,实现肿瘤的精准诊断,尤其是分子病理学的诊断尤为重要.在临床检测中,传统影像学检查可以反映肿瘤的位置和解剖学结构,却难以对其分子病理做出判定;而病理活检虽然可以获取肿瘤的分子学特征,但需通过创伤性手段获取样本,且具有时空局限性.相比之下,借助于特异性探针成像的肿瘤分子影像学,直接以肿瘤病理分子标志物作为成像对比度的来源,旨在从分子层面对肿瘤进展中的病理学特征进行在体定量化分析,在肿瘤的精准诊断中具备独特的优势.近年来,纳米材料由于优越的理化性质,已经成为构建高灵敏肿瘤分子影像探针的重要信号载体之一.基于此,本综述从基本的纳米靶向探针,到光、磁学智能响应型纳米探针,系统总结归纳了基于纳米材料的分子影像技术对肿瘤病理在体可视化的研究进展,并对未来临床环境中实施该纳米探针技术进行了展望.

Cancer progression is often accompanied by a series of complicated variations of molecular pathology,varying enormously between individuals.Therefore,it is necessary to achieve precise diagnosis of tumor,especially at the molecular pathology level.In clinical trials,the traditional medical imaging can identify the position and the anatomical structure of tumors,but it is difficult to reveal their molecular pathology.Although the molecular details of tumors can be obtained later through the pathological analysis of biopsies,this approach is invasive and has spatiotemporal limitations.Unlike these strategies,the pathological biomarkers of tumors can be directly imaged in vivo through the probe-based molecular imaging technology,which aims to quantitatively study the real-time tumorous pathological features at a molecular level.This technology holds huge potentials in the clinical application of precise tumor diagnosis.In recent years,nanomaterials that possess superior optical or magnetic physicochemical properties have become one of the important signal carriers for constructing highly sensitive molecular imaging probes.In this review,the development of nanoprobe-based molecular imaging and the in vivo visualization of tumor molecular pathology are summarized.Specifically,the construction of the pathology responsive nanoprobes is highlighted.The current challenges and perspectives on the future steps needed to implement this nanotechnology in a clinical setting are also discussed.