环境问责归责原则的理论基础与制度思考

The Theory and System of the Principle of Liability of the Environmental Accountability

在环境问责的过程中设立所谓"尽职免责"条款并不能解决"环境问责异化为问责环境"的现实和理论困境。从理论上看,科学的环境问责必须是从义务到责任的归咎程序,从实践角度来看,无论是舆论关注的身份问责抑或纯粹的事实问责都不能科学地解释环境问责的责任基础。为此,由政治义务、管理义务、执行义务构成的环境义务才是科学问责的基础。同时,基于注意义务的比例性而设置的无过错责任原则、特殊过错推定责任原则和过错责任原则符合当前与行政管理相适应的体制需求和现行问责效果的事实需求。由此,可以相应地建立起针对政治义务的免责清单、针对管理义务的负面清单和针对执行义务的正面清单等三大责任清单共同构成的清单制度以作为相应的制度设想。

In the process of investigating the responsibility for environment and environmental damages of leading cadres of the party and government,the so called"the Exempting Duty after Performing Duties(EDPD)"clause does not solve the alienation from environmental accountability to the accountability of the environmental apartments.Theoretically,the scientific environmental accountability must be an imputation procedure from obligations to rights.From the current environmental accountability practices,neither identity accountability that people focus on nor the pure fact accountability can scientifically explain the imputation basis of environmental accountability.For this purpose,the environmental obligation,which consists of political obligation,management obligation and implementation obligation,is the logical basis for the responsibility of scientific environment.Based on the proportional of duty of care,the non-fault liability principle,the presumption of fault liability principle and the principle of fault liability are in accordance with the current political and administrative management system requirements and the fact requirements of the current effect of accountability.So we can set up a list system jointly consisting of a list of disclaimers pointing at political obligation,a negative list pointing at management obligation and a positive list pointing at implementation obligation as the corresponding system vision.