吴越国王钱元瓘所供台州飞霞寺铜塔初探

A Preliminary Study of the Oblatory Copper Pagoda at Feixia Temple of Taizhou Donated by King Qian Yuanguan of the Wuyue Kingdom

五代后晋天福四年(939)吴越国第二代国王钱元瓘舍入浙江台州飞霞寺的铜塔,对于理解唐宋交替之际小型金属造佛塔建筑形制、铸造技术和宗教意涵均十分重要,亦可与钱元瓘第九子——吴越国第三代国王钱俶所造乙卯岁(955)铜塔、乙丑岁(965)铁塔和雷峰塔出土的两座银塔相比较。首先,从构造上看,该塔采用了吴越国佛教建筑中较流行的仿木构形式,为单层方形重檐仿木构式塔。其次,初步描述和考证了该塔的铭文和图像,指出钱元瓘所造飞霞寺铜塔的塔身四面图像均为一佛二菩萨组合,四面的主尊造像尊格各异,其手印各不相同,结合该铜塔的铭文和吴越时期的石窟、佛塔造像实例,推测其宗教意涵可能与吴越国流行的“西方净土”信仰有关。最后,点明台州、钱元瓘和吴越佛教之于飞霞寺铜塔铸造和供养的特殊意义和潜在影响。

The copper pagoda donated to the Feixia Temple in Taizhou of Zhejiang by the second-generation King Qian Yuanguan of the Wuyue Kingdom in the fourth year of the Tianfu reign period of the Later Jin of the Five Dynasties(939)is of great significance to the understanding of the shape,casting technology and religious connotations of smallsize metal pagodas in the transition from the Tang dynasty to the Song dynasty,and can be compared with the copper pagoda of 955 and the iron pagoda of 965 cast by the ninth son of Qian Yuanguan–third-generation King Qian Shu of the Wuyue Kingdom and the two silver pagodas of the Leifeng Pagoda.First,in structure,this pagoda models after the single-deck wooden pagoda with square double eave roof popular among Buddhist buildings of the Wuyue Kingdom.Second,this paper preliminarily describes and makes a textual research of the inscriptions and images of this pagoda and points out that the images on the four sides of the Feixia Temple pagoda cast by Qian Yuanguan are combinations of one buddha and two bodhisattvas.The images of the Buddhas show different appearances and mudras and,in consideration with the inscriptions on this copper pagoda and real statues in grottoes and pagodas of the Wuyue period,it is assumed that the implied religious meanings might be related to the Cult of Western Pureland popular in the Wuyue Kingdom.Finally,the paper emphasizes the special meaning and potential influence of Taizhou,Qian Yuanguan and Buddhism in the Wuyue Kingdom on the casting of the copper pagoda of the Feixia Temple and the oblatory donation.