2019—2020年广州市农村户厕使用和粪便无害化处理效果调查

Investigation on use of household latrines and non-hazardous treatment for excrement in rural areas of Guangzhou from 2019 to 2020

目的调查广州市农村户厕的建筑和使用情况,评估粪便无害化效果,为制定改厕相关策略和措施,促进农村改厕提供科学依据。方法于2019年7月—2020年12月在广州市农村地区随机抽取310户改厕户(三格式户用卫生厕所)和79户非改厕户,采用自行设计问卷调查户厕的一般情况、建筑情况、家庭环境卫生状况和管理情况,检测粪水中粪大肠菌值、沙门菌和蛔虫卵沉降率指标。结果与非改厕户比较,改厕户的户厕有门窗的比例较低,有洗手设施的比例和厕所排水与生活污水分开的比例均较高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组户厕有通风、防蚊蝇设施、陶瓷坐便或蹲便器和水冲的比例比较,差异无统计学意义。与非改厕户比较,改厕户庭院卫生状况干净的比例较高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而两组厨房卫生状况干净的比例比较,差异无统计学意义。与非改厕户比较,改厕户的户厕正常使用、无蝇蛆、一年以上清理粪渣和取粪渣作肥料的比例均较高,而厕所内明显感觉出气味的比例较低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组厕所清洁、无成蝇的比例比较,差异无统计学意义。改厕户户厕粪水的粪大肠菌值的合格率高于非改厕户,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);改厕户和非改厕户的户厕粪水中蛔虫卵沉降率均合格;两组沙门菌检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论本次调查发现改厕效果明显,但是改厕户粪便无害化效果有待进一步提高,户厕存在建造不合理,卫生厕所使用不当和维护管理知识缺乏等问题。

Objective To investigate the construction and use of rural household latrines of Guangzhou and evaluate the effects of non-hazardous treatment for excrement so as to provide the evidence for strategies and measures of latrine improvement and promote scientific basis for latrine improvement in rural areas.Methods A total of 310 latrine improvement families and 79 non-latrine improvement families were randomly selected in rural areas of Guangzhou from July 2019 to December 2020.Selfdesigned questionnaires were used to investigate the general conditions,the construction conditions,household environmental sanitation and the management of household latrines.The fecal coliform bacteria value,Salmonella and settlement rate of ascaris egg in fecal water were detected.Results Compared with non-latrine improvement families,the toilets in latrine improvement families had a lower proportion of doors and windows,a higher proportion of hand washing facilities and separation of toilet drainage from domestic sewage,of which the difference were statistically significant(P<0.05).There was no significant difference between the two groups in the proportion of ventilation,fly prevention facilities,ceramic toilets or squatting toilets and the toilets flushed by water.The sanitary condition of the courtyard of the latrine improvement families was better than that of the non-latrine improvement families,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).And there was no significant difference in the proportion of clean kitchen conditions between the two groups.Compared with non-latrine improvement families,the proportion of normal use,no fly and maggots,cleaning dung over one year and using dung as fertilizer were higher,the proportion of smell was obvious lower in the latrine improvement families,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the proportion of clean toilets and no fly between the two groups.The qualified rate of fecal coliform value in fecal water of improvement latrine families was higher than that of the non-improvement latrine families,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The ascaris egg settlement rates in fecal water were all qualified,and there was no significant difference in the detection rate of Salmonella between the two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion The effects of latrine improvement are obvious,but the effects of non-hazardous treatment for excrement in latrine improvement families needs to be further improved.There are some problems such as unreasonable construction,improper use and lack of knowledge of maintenance and management to household latrine.