“鬼才”及其“鬼诗”在日本的接受与影响

The Reception and Influence of Li He,the Poet-Phantom in Tang Dynasty,and His Poetry in Japan

中唐诗人李贺,在中国文学史上被称为“鬼才”。中国文学对于这位“鬼才”及其“鬼诗”的评价毁誉参半,非议颇多,且关于其“鬼才”称号是否得当也一直争议不断。“鬼才”之“鬼诗”东传日本以后,却赢得普遍认同和颇高评价,对镰仓、室町以后各时期的日本文学也产生了深远影响。“鬼才”及其“鬼诗”在两国文学中解读和评价的不同,缘于中日文学审美传统的差异。中国文学受“重人事、轻鬼神”的思想影响,“重理”而“轻辞”,注重文学作品的社会功能;而日本文学则受到“人鬼共生”的文化信仰的影响,具有“重感”而“轻理”的非现实主义特点,注重内心关照,推崇“哀情之美”。总之,体现了两国文学对于诗人李贺的不同观念。中国文学中的“李贺观”为“异中求同”,而日本文学中的“李贺观”则为“同中求异”。

Li He,a gifted poet of Tang Dynasty,and his ghost poems have received more criticism than credit in Chinese literary community,and there have even been continual debates on the appropriacy of naming him the poet-phantom.However,since introduced to Japan,Li He's ghost poems have been widely recognized and highly commended,and left a lasting imprint on the Japanese literature after Kamakura and Muromachi periods.Different interpretation and acceptance of the poet-phantom and his ghost poetry in China and Japan have a root in different literary aesthetics of the two cultures.Chinese literature,influenced by the philosophy of putting humans above spirits,tends to value reason but neglect rhetoric and thus puts greater stress on the social functions of literary works.By contrast,Japanese literature,influenced by the belief in coexistence of humans and spirits,shows distinct non-realistic characteristics such as valuing sensibility but neglecting reason,highlighting characters’inner emotions and worshiping sentimentalism.This divergence well explains different attitudes towards Li He and his poetry in China and Japan.The Chinese literary community has a mixed reception of Li He's poetry in view of its incompliance with the orthodox literary aesthetics while the Japanese literature receives it as a unique poetic style in accord with the Japanese literary aesthetics.