顺治帝的文学修养——兼及清初满洲的汉化进程

On Emperor Shunzhi's Literary Accomplishment:Also Involving Manchu's Sinicization in the Early Qing Dynasty

以《弘觉忞禅师北游集》为中心,辅以其他文献,可知清顺治帝阅读范围,除了泛览所及的史书、类书外,重心在今日所谓文学领域,包括戏曲、小说、史传文、诸子文、辞赋、先秦两汉及唐宋八大家文、元明人别集、《列朝诗集》乃至八股文。顺治帝对于戏曲、小说没有流露出教化偏见,可能因为喜爱戏曲,他对声韵之学还颇为了解。他偏爱绮丽的文字,而因为身体状况、生命体验和宗教信仰的影响,他尤为欣赏带有强烈生命意识或包含宗教哲理的文字。顺治帝名下的诗文真赝难辨,但他在书、画方面的艺术实践则有明确记载。虽然顺治帝的文学赏鉴能力和文艺创作能力并不突出,但他为了更好地统治中国曾付出心力学习汉语、汉文,临习汉字书法,追摹汉人绘画等,则是不争的历史事实,从中可略窥清初满洲在"旧制"与"汉俗"的撕扯中逐渐汉化的进程。而从语言习得及文学接受的角度看,清初满人学习汉语、汉文的路径选择及文体偏爱亦可见一斑。

Based on Hong Jue Min Chan Shi Bei You Ji and other documents in the Qing Dynasty,we know that apart from history books and encyclopedias,Emperor Shunzhi read many literary books including drama,novel,historical biographies,Pre-Qin scholars'prose,Ci Fu,ancient prose written by Qin-Han Dynasty literati and“the Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties”,works of Yuan-Ming Dynasty,Lie Chao Shi Ji,even the Eight-part Essays.Emperor Shunzhi was fond of dramas and novels and knew very well about phonology.He preferred gorgeous words and works with strong consciousness of life or religious philosophy due to his physical condition,life experience and religious belief.While the poems and articles under Emperor Shunzhi's name were difficult to be ascertained,he was really engaged in calligraphy and painting.Although his literary appreciation and creativity wasn't outstanding,he made an effort to learn Chinese and Chinese works,to practice calligraphy and imitate paintings,which was a historical fact without doubt and reflected the Manchu's Sinicization in the early Qing Dynasty.