中国古代家训中的科举思想

On Keju(Imperial Examination)Thought in Ancient Chinese Family Instructions

古代家训是中国传统文化的重要组成部分,自北齐颜之推《颜氏家训》问世以来,历代编撰流传不辍,并逐渐成为古代家庭教育的重要载体和主要形式。特别是科举制产生以后,家训的内容深受读书做官思想的影响,每部家训无不对读书应举都有所强调,希望子弟走上仕进之路。但古代家训的大部分内容还是训诫子孙“读书志在圣贤,非徒科第”,把做人放在了第一位,正所谓“父母之爱子,第一望其康宁,第二冀其成名,第三愿其保家”,这是我们以往对古人有所误解的地方。当然,传统家训中强调读书学习的非科名性,有时是不得已的达观态度,为了使家庭或家族的兴旺发达,许多家训作者还结合自己平生读书经验心得,传授给子孙后代读书治学和应举之法,以期通过子弟下真功夫,最终功成名就,光宗耀祖。

After the publicity of Family Instructions for Yan Family(Yan Shi Jia Xun),which was written by Yan Zhitui of Northern Qi Dynasty,the family instructions in ancient China(an important part of Chinese traditional culture)had not only become then a major form of family education but also handed down from generation to generation.And then,after the emergence of keju(Imperial Examination),nearly all family instructions,largely affected by the thought of“study to be an official”,have attached importance to the goal of study:to become a government official by means of keju.On the other hand,most of the parental precepts admonish their offspring to study hard and become saints and sages in the end,rather than just for keju and other examinations.To become a person of virtue would come first.To be specific,parents love their children,so they give primacy to their children’s health,then fame,and finally intact family.In fact,although some of the ancient parental precepts deliberately avoided emphasizing the ultimate goal of becoming a government official by means of keju,more parents,the writers/publishers of the family instructions,made great efforts to share their valuable experience in both study and examinations,hoping to help their descendant become famous and honor the whole family,esp.the ancestors in the end.