家用燃料燃烧排放PM2.5的特征及其对肺功能的影响——以陕西蓝田县为例

Characteristics of PM2.5 emitted from domestic fuel combustion and its effect on lung function: A case study in Lantian county, Shaanxi, China

为探究农村冬季家用固体燃料燃烧排放的大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)造成的室内外污染状况、对人体暴露造成的影响及对人体肺功能的危害,本研究于2018年1月11日—26日在陕西省蓝田县东咀村和韩坪村进行了室内外和家庭主妇人体暴露PM2.5样品的同步采样以及碳组分和水溶性无机离子组分分析工作,并结合肺功能健康数据进行人体暴露PM2.5健康风险的初步讨论.结果显示,陕西蓝田县农村使用固体燃料为能源的家庭室内外和人体暴露PM2.5平均浓度分别为58.5、135.9、290.8μg·m^-3.其中,碳组分是室内PM2.5的主要贡献者,离子组分占室外PM2.5浓度的一半以上,碳组分和离子组分对人体暴露PM2.5的贡献相当(分别为28.4%和24.3%).人体暴露PM2.5及化学组分浓度均明显高于室内外样品,这是因为目标家庭主妇更密切地接触到室内取暖等明显的污染源,更多的受到该污染源排放的直接影响.本研究还进一步对比了使用新型取暖炉灶(A组)和传统取暖炉灶(B组)家庭PM2.5污染和人体暴露水平,发现B组家庭室内及人体暴露PM2.5污染水平分别为A组的2.6和1.6倍.在PM2.5对暴露人群肺功能危害方面,作为对照组的城市居民肺功能(C组,不使用固体燃料)优于本项目中的目标农村家庭主妇,且A组家庭主妇的肺功能要优于B组,与人体暴露PM2.5及其化学组分浓度水平一致.人体暴露样品更能反映农村家用固体燃料燃烧排放对人体肺功能的影响,新取暖炉灶的使用对保护农村居民肺功能有积极意义.

In order to determine the fine particulate matter(PM2.5)as well as its health hazards on local residents in winter in rural areas,indoor,outdoor and personal exposure to PM2.5 samples were collected simultaneously in Lantian county from January 11 to 26,2018,in Guanzhong Basin,northwestern China.Pulmonary function tests were conducted to assess the health risk of the subjects(housewives)after exposure to PM2.5.The average concentration of personal exposure to PM2.5 was 290.8μg·m^-3,which was about 4.0 times higher than the indoor average level(58.5μg·m^-3)and 1.1 times higher than outdoor(135.9μg·m-3).Total carbon was the main contributor to indoor PM2.5,and water-soluble inorganic ions accounted for more than half of outdoor PM2.5.The concentrations of carbon and ionic components of personal exposure were comparable with each other(about 28.4%and 24.3%,respectively).The concentration of PM2.5 and its chemical compositions in personal exposure samples were significantly higher than indoor and outdoor samples,since the tested housewives were more closely exposed to pollution sources(household heating)and more directly affected by PM2.5 emissions.In this study,the PM2.5 exposure levels were compored between the households with new type heating stoves(Group A)and traditional heating stoves(Group B).Indoor and personal exposure PM2.5 concentrations in Group B were 2.6 and 1.6 times higher than Group A.Pulmonary function test results were compared among Group A,B and C(control Group,urban resident housewives who did not use solid fuel heating stove).The results showed that the lung functions of housewives in Group C were much better than those in Group A and B.Moreover,lung functions in Group A were better than those in Group B,which was consistent with the results of personal exposure to PM2.5 and its chemical component concentrations mentioned above.In summary,PM2.5 personal exposure samples are more representative of housewives′exposure,and the use of new heating stoves is belpful for protecting the lung function of rural residents.