二战后三十年间澳大利亚技术移民结构与成因探析

The Structure of the Australian Skilled Migration in Thirty Years after the Second World War and the Causes of Its Formation

澳大利亚曾长期奉行"白澳"政策,英国一直是该国移民人口最重要的来源国。第二次世界大战后,澳大利亚对移民特别是技术移民的需求量空前增大,以"移民即繁荣"为战略导向选择性地大量引进移民。其移民政策仍然遵循英国优先的原则,技术移民的来源构成中英国人占比最大。随着时间的推移,来自其他国家和地区的技术移民比重增大。技术移民来源的结构变化与英澳之间的特殊关系、以法案和协议形式确定下来的移民关系、技术移民的职业技能、澳大利亚的人才需求和移民策略的调整、来源国的人才供给以及国内外人才环境的变化等存在紧密联系。澳大利亚政府多次改革移民政策,越来越将国家发展的需要放在首位,强调以申请者职业技术能力为移民选择标准,优先接纳技术移民,进一步改变移民人口结构。英澳人才供给的特殊关系逐渐消失,种族歧视的"白澳"政策走向瓦解,族裔、文化及移民来源地日渐多元化。

Australia has long pursued the White Australia policy,accordingly,Britain has been the most important source of the Australian immigrants.After the Second World War,Australia’s demands for immigrants,especially the skilled immigrants,unprecedentedly increased.With the strategic orientation of‘migration is prosperity’,Australia selectively introduced a large number of immigrants.More specifically,the British still accounted for the largest proportion of the skilled immigrants because the Australian migrant policy preferred to the British first.Over time,the proportion of the skilled migrants from other countries and regions increased.The structural changes in the source of the skilled immigrants were closely related to various factors,including the special relationship between Britain and Australia,the immigration relationship established in the form of acts and agreements,the vocational skills of the skilled immigrants,the adjustments of Australia’s demands of workers and its immigration strategies,the supply of workers in the source countries,and the changes of talent environment at home and abroad.The Australian government repeatedly reformed its immigration policy,and increasingly put the needs of the national development in the first place,emphasising the applicant’s professional and technical ability as the immigration selection criteria,giving priority to the acceptance of the skilled immigrants,and further changing the immigrant population structure.Consequently,the special relationship between the supply of talents in Britain and Australia gradually disappeared,the racially discriminatory White Australia policy turned to disintegration constantly,and the race,culture and immigration sources become increasingly diversified.