合作与限制:20世纪70年代美国对韩国导弹开发活动的反应与对策

Cooperation and Restraint:The U.S. Response to and Policy on the Missile Development of South Korea in the 1970s

20世纪70年代初,由于对美国安全承诺的疑虑日益加深,凭借着来自美国的知识、技术和人才积累,韩国朴正熙政府秘密启动了导弹开发计划。但在美国政府看来,韩国导弹研发将破坏东北亚地区稳定,因此必须加以遏制。为此,美国一边继续同朴正熙政府进行与导弹相关的军事技术合作,一边对韩国独立的导弹开发活动施加限制。然而,随着韩国国家实力的不断增强、导弹技术的全球扩散、美国自身商业利益的考量及其政府内部的明显意见分歧,福特和卡特政府仅仅是延缓而未能制止韩国导弹开发的步伐。1978年9月,韩国导弹试验成功。在这一重大事态的影响下,美国决定从双边合作和多边限制这两个层面入手,将韩国导弹研制活动约束在射程180公里、载弹量300公斤的范围内。其后,里根政府构建起全球防导弹扩散机制,这也在一定程度上受到韩国导弹开发的影响。

In the 1970 s,due to the fears that the United States would withdraw its security commitments in the near future,the Park Chung Hee administration of South Korea secretly launched a missile development programme.The U.S.supplied most of the knowledge,technology and talent capital required by the Park Chung Hee administration for initiating that programme.From the view of the U.S.government,this programme would destabilise Northeast Asia.Therefore,the basic policy of the U.S was to aim at containing the missile development of South Korea.On the one hand,the U.S.continued to promote the missile technology cooperation with South Korea.On the other hand,it prevented the Park Chung Hee administration from developing missiles independently.However,both the Ford and Carter administrations failed to prevent South Korea from developing its indigenous missile programme because of the rise of South Korea’s national strength,the global proliferation of missile technology,the American considerations of commercial interests and obvious dissensions among the U.S.officials.In the end,South Korea successfully tested K-1 missile in September 1978.Under such circumstances,the Carter administration decided to restrict the South Korean missiles to a180-kilometer range with a 300-kilogram payload through bilateral cooperation and multilateral restraint.Moreover,partially due to the South Korean missile development,the Reagan administration established the Missile Technology Control Regime in 1987.