明清时期堤坝白蚁危害与防治研究

Study on the Harm and Prevention of Termites in Dams in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

千里之堤,溃于蚁穴。白蚁害堤之事,贯穿堤坝建造史至今,尤以明清为典型。明清堤坝所营造出的土木水植生境十分契合白蚁“穴地而居,蠧木而食”的生物习性。根据明清史料记载与梳理,时白蚁危害堤坝具有隐蔽性、突发性、广泛性、长期性等特点,由此给堤坝修建养护乃至国计民生制造了巨大麻烦。鉴于白蚁所带来的严重破坏力,明、清两代的堤坝河工打造建成了防治结合的应对体系,并在治理方面形成塞堵、挖巢、药杀、生物防治等多措并举的局面。考证明清时期堤坝白蚁的危害与防治,可为当下堤防安全与白蚁防治等提供镜鉴。

The dam of a thousand miles collapsed in an ant's nest.Termite damage to the dams has run through the history of the dam construction,while the Ming and Qing dynasties are more typical.The earth,wood,and water plant habitat created by the dykes in the Ming and Qing dynasties fits well with the biological habits of termites that"live in burrows and feed on woods".According to the historical records and its combing of the Ming and Qing dynasties,termites have the characteristics of concealment,suddenness,extensiveness,and long-term damage to dams,which caused huge troubles for the construction and maintenance of dams and even the national economy and people's livelihood.In view of the serious destructive power caused by termites,the river workers of the Ming and Qing dynasties built a response system that combined prevention and control,and formed a situation of congestion,nest digging,pesticide killing,biological control and other measures in governance.The research proves that the harm and control of termites in dams during the Ming and Qing dynasties can provide a useful mirror for the current termite control.