应国墓地青铜明器与商周文化融合认同研究

Research on Bronze Burial Objects of Cemetery in Ying State and the Shang-Zhou Cultural Identity Fusion in Western Zhou Dynasty

平顶山应国墓地出土的西周青铜明器共99件,其中早期及中期的多出现于中小型墓,晚期的多见于大型墓,说明这类器物在西周贵族阶层中"自下而上"发展并最终成为当时贵族上下阶层都普遍采用的丧葬用器。从应国墓地看西周青铜明器的发展,它具有锡器较多、重视装饰、制作简便、重酒倾向明显四大特点,且在西周晚期以后趋于自成体系而独立发展。应国墓地青铜明器分为三个发展阶段,共有8种组合方式,突出特点是"重酒"组合以"尊—卣—爵—觯"为核心,与实用铜器"重食"组合的区别明显,并最终形成了"食酒并重"组合。这实际上是周文化与商文化经过交流、融合,最终相互认同的一种反映。

Western Zhou bronze burial objects were unearthed in cemetery of Ying State,at Pingdingshan.Bronzes from early to middle Western Zhou Dynasty were more discovered in small or medium-sized tombs and those from late Western Zhou in large tombs.This indicates that bronze burial objects developed from bottom to top and eventually became a common funeral device within the aristocracy.Seen from the cemetery of the Ying State,bronzes in the Western Zhou Dynasty have four characteristics:more tinware,emphasis on decoration,simple production and apparently more wine vessels.In late Western Zhou Dynasty,the development of bronze burial objects became self contained and independent.The bronze burial objects unearthed in cemetery of the Ying State are divided into three development stages and have 8 combinations.The outstanding feature is the combination of wine vessels,taking“zun(尊wine vessel),you(卣wine bottle),jue(爵wine vessel),zhi(觯wine vessel)”as core.This is clearly different from bronzes with emphasis on the combination of food vessels.Eventually,combinations of wine vessel and food vessel reach equal emphasis.It reflects the cultural communication and fusion between the Zhou and Shang culture and the eventual mutual agreement with each other.