由河臣到河神:清代朱之锡信仰的建构与传播

From Governor of River to the River God:The Construction and Spread of Zhu Zhixi’s Religion in Qing Dynasty

朱之锡为清代顺治、康熙年间的河道总督,因其治河有功,再加上高尚的人格魅力,死后在享受赐葬、祠祭等待遇的同时,也备受官民的爱戴,民间私下里将其视为河神,竞相进行崇祀。虽然其信仰在民间极为盛行,但在百余年中统治者还是以河臣封神没有先例为由,拒绝了官民奏请敕封的请求。乾隆四十三年仪封河决,为其成神提供了重要契机。在河臣的奏请下,乾隆帝对其进行敕封,使得朱之锡最终完成了由河臣到河神的转化。随着时间的推移,信仰在传播过程中逐渐发生变异,出现所谓的神灵"化身",对官方治河活动和民众社会心理产生了深远影响。清代国家通过敕加封号的方式最终将在民间极为盛行的朱之锡崇拜纳入国家正祀,一定程度上反映了国家与民间社会在文化资源上的互动和共享。

Zhu Zhixi is the river governor during the reign of Shunzhi and Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty.Because of his contribution to governance of the river,and noble personality charm,after his death,he received rewarded funeral,temple sacrifice and other treatment.And he was loved and esteemed by the people.People privately regarded him as River God,competing to worship him.Although the religion is very popular in civil society,the rulers denied the request on the pretext that there was no precedent for a river minister to enshrine a god.The Yellow River of Yifeng burst in the Qianlong forty-three year,it provided an important opportunity for Zhu Zhixi to become the River God.In the expedition of the river official,the Emperor Qianlong formally sealed Zhu Zhixi,making him finally completed from governor of river to the River God’s transformation.As time went on,the religion gradually changed in the process of communication,the emergence of the so-called gods"incarnation",had a profound impact on the official governance of river’s activities and public social psychology.Through the way of the imperial seal,the Qing Dynasty eventually brought the Zhu Zhixi’s worship which was extremely popular in the folk into the country worship,to a certain extent,reflected the state and civil society’s interaction and sharing in the cultural resource.