海关涉知识产权行政执法文书瑕疵之检视与预防——以H海关近4年(2018~2022年)涉知识产权行政处罚决定书为分析样本

Inspection and Prevention of Defects in Customs Administrative Enforcement Documents Related to IPRs——Analysis Sample:H Customs Decisions on Administrative Penalties for IPRs in the Past Four Years(2018-2022)

行政执法文书中的“瑕疵”应理解为行政执法文书中存在的“不当”之处,且不应过多地分析不同类型“瑕疵”所对应的法律后果,仅进行“瑕疵”发现活动。H海关347份涉知识产权行政处罚决定书在案件事实陈述、商标侵权定性、行政处罚决定部分均存在较多“瑕疵”,按其性质可分别归于事实瑕疵、法律瑕疵和程序瑕疵。文书的制式特征缺陷、文书价值认知不足以及自由裁量基准缺位是产生“瑕疵”的主要原因。基于此,应当引入预防机制,从规范文书的制作和检视过程、提升海关执法队伍法治素养以及完善并公开处罚裁量基准三个方面,降低“瑕疵”的发生率,做到程序正义和实质正义的有机统一。

The term“defects”in administrative enforcement documents should be understood as“improper”in such documents.It is not necessary to extensively analyze the legal consequences corresponding to different types of“defects”;rather,the focus should be on identifying these defects.A review of 347 administrative penalty decisions issued by H Customs reveals numerous“defects”in the sections concerming case facts,determination of trademark infringement,and administrative penalty decisions.These defects can be categorized as factual defects,legal defects and procedural defects.The main reasons for the“defects”are the defects of document formating,insufficient understanding of the value of documents,and the absence of discretionary guidelines.To address these issues,a preventive mechanism should be introduced to reduce the incidence of“defects”and realize the organic unity of procedural justice and substantive justice by standardizing the document production and review processes,enhancing the legal competence of customs law enforcement teams,and improving and publicizing the criteria for discretionary punishments.