司法裁判宪法援引的类型化分析:基于大数据视角

Typological Analysis of Constitutional Invocation in Judicial Decisions:a Big Data-based Perspective

大数据视角下司法裁判中的宪法援引包括当事人宪法援引、法院宪法援引两种类型,二者之间既有个性也有共性。宪法援引基于相关主体的自主选择,目的明确,但是不具有普遍适用的法律效力。学术界对宪法援引属性的讨论主要集中在宪法适用、宪法遵守以及宪法运用方面,但是结合大数据视角下宪法援引的主要特点来看,宪法援引与这些概念有明显差异。宪法援引作为宪法实施的方式之一,实质是宪法在司法领域的价值体现,具有增强裁判文书说服力和权威性、为当事人的利益诉求提供宪法支持以及弥补部门法在适用中可能存在的空隙的司法价值,最终导向司法公正的目的,增进公民的国家认同意识。为促进宪法援引的规范化,需要明确宪法援引的原则、必要情形以及形式要件,并通过指导性文件和案例示范提供指引。

The invocation of the Constitution in judicial decisions under the perspective of big data includes two types of invocation of the Constitution by the parties and by the court,which have both individuality and commonality.Constitutional invocation is based on the independent choice of the relevant subject,the purpose is clear,but does not have the legal effect of universal application.Academic discussions on the attributes of constitutional invocation have mainly focused on the application of the Constitution,compliance with the Constitution and the use of the Constitution.But when viewed in conjunction with the fundamental characteristics of constitutional invocation in the big data perspective,constitutional invocation differs markedly from these concepts.The invocation of the Constitution,as one of the ways of implementing the Constitution,is essentially the embodiment of the value of the Constitution in the judicial sphere,with the judicial value of enhancing the persuasive power and authority of adjudicative documents,providing constitutional support for the interests of the parties concerned,and making up for the possible deficiencies of laws in their application,so as to ultimately lead to the purpose of judicial justice and to enhance the awareness of citizens of their national identity.In order to promote the standardization of constitutional invocation,it is necessary to clarify the principles,necessary circumstances and formal elements of constitutional references,and to provide guidance through guiding documents and model cases.