“构成要件”概念考——学术史与语言学的双重视域

Research on“Corpus delicti”——Dual Perspectives of Academic History and Linguistics

“构成要件”概念在大陆法系有两条相互独立的发展脉络,其一是发端于拉丁文corpus delicti和德文Tatbestand(行为构成)的狭义脉络,其二是发端于法文élément constitutifs(构成要素)的广义脉络。两条脉络先后实现了四次交汇。多国刑法知识在中国的碰撞使“犯罪构成”与“构成要件”在中国刑法学发生了翻译变形和指涉互易。基于符号的任意性、语言学上“假朋友”的普遍性、语言的创造性和输入国的主动性,“构成要件”概念在不同语言间出现词义和应用的变化也有合理基础,我国传统通说的犯罪构成理论并非对费尔巴哈构成要件理论的误读或对德国体系的“苏俄化”改造。“构成要件”概念一脉相承,而“犯罪构成”理论百花齐放。中国刑法学应探究大陆法系刑法完整的历史脉络,尊重概念和思维方式的地方性,容纳多种犯罪构成理论共存并进。

Concept of“corpus delicti”has two independent development lines in Civil law system.The one originates from the Latin word“corpus delicti”and the German word“Tatbestand”.The other originates from the French word“élément constitutifs”.The two development lines have intersected four times.The spread of criminal law knowledge from many countries in China has caused translation changes and meaning changes in“sostav prestupleniq”(from Russian)and“corpus delicti”in Chinese criminal law.Based on the arbitrariness of symbols,the commonness of“False Friends”in linguistics,the creativity of language and the initiative of the importing country,there is a reasonable basis for the meaning changes of“corpus delicti”among different languages.Chinese traditional theory has nothing to do with misreading of Feuerbach's theory or the“Soviet-Russianization”of German system.The concept of“corpus delicti”has been inherited from the past,while the theory of“sostau prestupleniq”has blossomed.Chinese criminal law should explore the complete historical context of civil law criminal law,respect the locality of concepts and ways of thinking,and accept the diversity of theories.