“货—款担保”的法律性质及顺位——以《民法典》第416条为中心

On the Nature and Sequence of“Goods-Price Guarantee”——Focus on Article 416 of the Civil Code

“货—款担保”系以交付之“货”担保未付之“价款”之清偿,其具有独特的结构方式——“有(牵连关系)+登记(控制方式)”,是一种独立的担保物权类型,其性质为法定担保物权,而非抵押权。现行法将“价款”与“价款之贷款”相混同,进而将“货—款担保”与“货—贷担保”相混同,导致“货—款担保”被认作抵押权,其顺位规则亦被混同于“货—贷担保”。应区分“货—款担保”与“货—贷担保”,前者可依法优先于浮动抵押权、抵押权和质权,但劣后于留置权,与工程款优先权平等;后者仅可依法优先于浮动抵押权;当两者并存时,“货—款担保”在宽限期内办理登记的,优先于“货—贷担保”,在宽限期届满后办理登记的,清偿顺序依登记的时间先后来确定。

The“goods-price guarantee”means that the“goods”delivered shall guarantee the payment of the outstanding“price”.It has a unique structure:existence(implicated relationship)+registration(control method).It is an independent type of real right for security,its nature is a legal security right,not a mortage.The current law confuses“price”with“loan for price”,and further confuses“goods-price guarantee”with“goods-loan guarantee”,which results in“goods-price guarantee”being regarded as mortage,and its ordering rules are also confused with“good-loan guarantee”.We should distinguish between“goods-price guarartee”and“goods-loan guarantee”.The former is superior to floating mortgage,mortgage and pledge according to law,but inferior to lien and equal to the priority of project funds.The latter can only take precedence over floating charge according to law;when the two coexist,if the“goods-price guarantee”is registered within the grace period,it has priority over the“goods-loan guarantee”and is registered after the grace period expires,the order of liquidation shall be determined according to the time of registration.