弹惩分离:中国传统监察权配置的现代观照

Separation of Impeachment and Punishment:A modern view of the traditional allocation of supervisory power in China

“弹劾”与“惩戒”是监察权的核心内容,中国古代独具特色的监察体制不仅表现在独立而严密的权力监督体系,更表现为“弹惩合一”的监督制度设计,通过制定完备系统的监察法规,明确规定了监察权的配置。对此,孙中山在吸收中国古代监察制度优势的基础上,借鉴国外的议会监察制度,创设了“弹惩分离”的监察体制。中国传统监察权的配置变迁表明,监察权独立是其独有的特色和优势,弹劾权与惩戒权的合与分实质上涉及监察权的权威性与制衡性,弹惩权的边界不清容易导致监察权的泛化,削弱监察的本质内涵和核心职能,进而侵扰国家治理体系中其他职能的正常运行。因此,中国新时代监察体制的改革创新是在继承传统监察文化的基础上创设了高阶独立的监察权,依托监察权的合理配置保证其权威性和制衡性的有机统一,并通过其自身的宪法边界有效防止监察权的泛化。

Impeachment and punishment are the core contents of supervisory power.The unique supervision system in ancient China was not only manifested in an independent and rigorous power supervision system,but also in the design of a“combination of impeachment and punishment”supervisory system.By formulating comprehensive and unified supervisory regulations,the allocation of supervisory power was clearly defined.In response,Sun Yat sen absorbed the advantages of ancient Chinese supervisory systems and drew on foreign parliamentary supervisory systems to create a supervisory system of“separation of impeachment and punishment”.The changes in the configuration of traditional supervisory power in China indicate that the independence of supervisory power is its unique feature and advantage.The combination and division of impeachment power and disciplinary power essentially involve the authority and balance of supervisory power.Unclear boundaries of the power of impeachment and punishment can easily lead to the generalization of supervisory power,weaken the essential connotation and core functions of supervision,and thus disrupt the normal operation of other functions in the national governance system.Therefore,on the basis of inheriting traditional supervisory culture,the reform of China's supervisory system has created a high-level independent supervisory power,ensuring its authority and unity of checks and balances through reasonable allocation of supervisory power,and preventing the generalization of supervisory power through its own constitutional boundaries.