向网络服务提供者调取电子数据的性质重释与程序完善

Reinterpretation of the Nature of Retrieval of Electronic Data from Network Service Providers and Improvement of Procedures

向网络服务提供者调取电子数据作为一项重要的侦查措施,在司法实践中呈现出了复合属性,分别有任意性、强制性等属性,在某些情况下还呈现出了“超强制”的属性。《刑事诉讼法》及相关司法解释对调取的概括性授权已不能满足网络服务提供者作为第三方协助者的特性。针对此,需要分两步走来对此类案件中的调取性质进行界定:一是对调取行为是否侵害了犯罪嫌疑人的基本权利进行判断,二是运用“同意+合理隐私期待”的标准对犯罪嫌疑人权利放弃的程度进行考察。若综合认定具体调取行为具有强制性,不仅需要充分贯彻目的限制原则,还需要在平衡侦查协助义务与权利保护义务的基础上明确调取的适用条件与运行模式。除此,还应基于侦查协助义务的非绝对优先性构建向网络服务提供者调取电子数据的豁免机制。

As an important investigative measure,the retrieval of electronic data from the network service provider has shown compound properties in judicial practice,which are arbitrary,compulsory and,in some cases,“super compulsory”.Criminal procedure law and the relevant judicial interpretation of the general authorization of access can no longer meet the characteristics of network service providers as third-party assistants.In this regard,two steps are needed to define the nature of retrieval in such cases:one is to determine whether the act of access violates the basic rights of the suspect,and the other is to apply the standard of“consent+reasonable expectation of privacy”to examine the degree of waiver of the suspect's rights.If the comprehensive determination of the specific act of retrieval is mandatory,it is needed not only to fully implement the principle of purpose limitation,but also need to balance the duty of investigative assistance and the obligation to protect the rights on the basis of clear conditions for the application of access and mode of operation.In addition,the exemption mechanism for retrieval of electronic data from network service providers should be constructed basing on the non-absolute priority of the obligation to assist in investigation.