劳动法域外适用规则的建构——以美国法为镜鉴

The Construction of the Extraterritorial Application of Labor Law——Take U.S.Law as the Mirror

推定无域外适用效力是美国法域外适用的基本原则,在其影响下,美国《公平劳动标准法》限缩了域外适用的空间,反就业歧视法则明确了域外适用的规则,但是被批评对海外劳动者的保护存在不足。在具体司法实践中,美国法院需要结合“重心”或“主要工作地”标准,以确定涉诉争议属于法律域外还是域内适用问题。若涉及域外适用问题,需判断所涉争议是否属于立法域外适用的范围,并分析是否具有违反外国法或当事人合意选择法律的抗辩情形。以美国法为镜鉴,我国可以工作重心为标准,准确界定涉诉争议是否属于法律域外适用问题;以属人原则为基础,完善劳动法域外适用范围表述,建立违反外国法抗辩制度;在个案中谨慎适用强制性规范,将劳动法域外适用范围作为最密切联系的情形,并以有利于劳动者保护为原则,允许当事人协议选择适用法律。

The presumption against extraterritoriality is the basic principle of extraterritorial application of the United States law.Under the influence of this principle,the Fair Labor Standard Law introduced the foreign exemption criteria,and the anti-discrimination legislation established the rules for extraterritorial application.However,the legislation has been criticized for the insufficient protection for overseas workers.In practice,the court should determine whether the dispute is an extraterritorial or interterritorial application issue.If it comes to the first question,the court should judge whether the dispute falls into the scope of the legislation and consider whether there are defense circumstances,including violating foreign laws and the law at the choice of both parties.Taking the US law as the mirror,China should refine the"extraterritorial"judgment criteria for foreign-related labor cases to accurately judge whether they involve the issue of extraterritorial application of labor law.Basing on personality principles,China's labor law should improve the expression of the scope of application of labor law,and establish a defense system for violation of foreign law.The mandatory norms should be carefully applied,and the extraterritorial application of labor law should be taken as the closest connection.In favor of the workers,the parties can choose the applicable law under agreement.