轻罪时代前科制度的内在诟病及其应对

The Internal Criticism of Criminal Record System in the Era of Misdemeanors and Its Countermeasures

中国社会已进入轻罪时代。基于既有的前科制度,我国治理轻罪的同时,不可避免带来了轻罪后果实际不轻、犯罪行为与其后果严重“倒挂”的现象。这种现象不仅容易使前科人员被边缘化,也加剧了社会不稳定因素。前科是因受过刑事处罚而产生的规范性评价,表现为前置法与刑法上的累犯、从业限制、限制办理落户等处罚,其性质上属于刑罚的一种延续。无论是从刑法的基本原理,还是从刑法的基本原则、刑罚的正当化根据等角度看,既有前科制度缺乏正义的基础,都应该对其说“不”。我国应该构建前科消灭制度,在具体的立法模式上,可以选择刑法典立法模式;在具体的规则设计上,可以围绕前科消灭的基本条件、适用范围、启动程序、法律后果为重点建构。在具体的法律效果上,需要统筹刑法领域内、外的其他制度,一方面要修改刑法上的前科报告、累犯等制度,另一方面要清理不合理的前科规定,从而形成逻辑严谨、结构协调的前科消灭体系。

Chinese society has entered the era of misdemeanors.Based on the existing criminal record system,while our country is dealing with misdemeanors,it inevitably brings about the phenomenon that the consequences of misdemeanors are actually not light,and the criminal behavior and its consequences are seriously“upside down”.This phenomenon not only tends to marginalize former offenders,but also aggravates social instability.Theoretically,criminal record is a normative evaluation due to criminal punishment,which is manifested as recidivism,employment restriction,restriction of settlement and other penalties in the pre law and criminal law.It is essentially a continuation of the penalty.The existing criminal record system lacks the basis of justice.No matter from the perspective of the basic principles of criminal law,the basic principles of criminal law and the justification of punishment,we should say“no”to it.China should establish the system of elimination of criminal record.In terms of specific legislative mode,we can choose the legislative mode of criminal code,and focus on the basic conditions,scope of application,starting procedures and legal consequences of elimination of criminal record to design specific rules.To achieve the ideal effect of the elimination of criminal record,it is necessary to coordinate other systems within and outside the criminal law field,both to modify the criminal record reporting,recidivism and other systems in the criminal law,and to clear up the non-standard criminal record provisions,so as to form a logical and coordinated system of the elimination of criminal record.