夫妻财产约定制度的司法困境及解决路径

Judicial Dilemmas and Solutions of Marital Property System

在司法实践中,有关夫妻财产约定的纠纷呈现出多样性与复杂性,而同案异判的司法裁判现状助长了婚姻中的不诚信行为,也有损于法律的尊严。事实上,对夫妻财产约定纠纷的不同认识,主要归因于对夫妻财产约定契约性质的不同理解。《民法典》第464条第2款的规定突破了原有合同规则对婚姻关系的适用限制,即使规则的实用性有待验证,仍然被学界视为连接婚姻家庭编与合同编和总则编的桥梁。夫妻之间的约定兼具情感性、团体性和利益共同性,其内容往往包含潜在的附随义务,若允许婚姻家庭行为适度向合同靠拢,既尊重了婚姻当事人的意思自治,又有利于维护诚信和谐的婚姻家庭秩序。因此,夫妻之间的契约不应该排除契约法一般规则的调整,建议将夫妻财产约定视为一种特殊民事契约,在家事法领域对契约规则进行适度的修正适用。

In judicial practice, dispute over matrimonial property agreement is diverse and complex while status quo that same case with different sentences encourages the dishonest behavior in marriages, and also undermines the dignity of law. Actually, different understanding of dispute over the matrimonial property agreement is mainly due to the different consideration of the nature of matrimonial property agreement. Nevertheless, there are no breakthrough regulations in Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China and its application to Contract Law in family fields continues the original legal regulations. The marital agreement has emotionality, group and common interest nature, and its contents often include potential affiliated obligations. It not only in favor of maintaining the honest and harmonious order of marriage and family, but respects autonomy of the parties to the marriage if marriage and family behavior were allowed to draw close the contract moderately. Therefore, marital agreement should not exclude the adjustment of the general provisions of Contract Law. Author suggests that judicial staff regard the marital property agreement as a special kind of civil contract and Contract theory could be amended and applied moderately in the field of family law when facing the conflicts between family law, Contract Law and Real Right Law.