平台数据爬取行为的刑法规制

Criminal Regulations and Boundaries of Platform Data Crawling

网络爬虫技术为平台数据保护带来了巨大的挑战,厘清平台数据承载的法益、明确非法网络爬虫的不法内涵,进而划定网络爬虫合法与非法的边界、防止非法网络爬虫不当损害企业利益已经成为刑法的重要命题。平台数据法益在理解路径上存在信息法益与数据法益的分歧。信息法益路径下,无论是将平台数据评价为信息财产还是商业秘密皆不足取。基于信息网络特性、社会需求及立法导向三点理由,以数据作为独立刑法评价对象具有必要性,数据法益路径具有可行性。平台数据承载法益为平台数据的保密性,即平台企业对平台数据的排他性控制,公开平台数据缺乏需保护性。基于数据流通的情境化与生成性特征,司法机关在解释构成要件时需注意司法判断的个别化与要件解释的常人化。平台数据爬取行为的不法内涵为“未经或超越授权访问数据”,司法机关需结合平台数据法益,对“未经授权”及“超越授权”访问平台数据的爬虫行为进行精准认定。

Web crawler technology has brought great challenges to the protection of platform data,clarifying the legal interests carried by platform data,specifying the illegal connotation of illegal web crawlers,and then delineating the boundary between legal and illegal web crawlers and preventing illegal web crawlers from improperly damaging the interests of enterprises have become important propositions of criminal law.There is a divergence between information legal interest and data legal interest in the path of understanding the legal interest of platform data.Under the path of information legal benefit,it is not enough to evaluate the platform data as information property or trade secret.Based on the characteristics of information network,social needs and legislative guidance,it is necessary to take data as an independent criminal law evaluation object,and the data legal benefit path is feasible.The legal interest of platform data is the confidentiality of platform data,that is,the exclusive control of platform data by platform enterprises,and the lack of protection of public platform data.Based on the contextualized and generative characteristics of data circulation,the judiciary needs to pay attention to the individualization of judicial judgment and the normalization of element interpretation when interpreting the constitutive elements.The illegal connotation of platform data crawling is“accessing data without or beyond authorization”,and the judiciary needs to combine the legal benefits of platform data,and make a precise interpretation of“unauthorized”and“beyond authorization”access to platform data.The judicial authorities need to accurately determine the crawling behavior of“unauthorized”and“over-authorized”access to platform data in the light of the legal interests of platform data.