疫苗监管过失中玩忽职守罪的适用困境与突围

Predicament and Breakthrough of the Application of the Crime of Dereliction of Duty in Vaccine Regulatory Negligence

我国刑法尚无针对疫苗监管渎职行为的专门法条,在以玩忽职守罪追究国家机关工作人员的监管过失时,本罪所保护法益不应仅止于秩序,还应当包括公共安全,故“重大损失”应理解为被秩序所保护的、与安全相关的利益的重大损失。鉴于“第一类疫苗”与“第二类疫苗”的不同属性,在前者的场合,“重大损失”可以不仅限于物质性利益的损失,而在后者的场合,应当以物质性利益的损失作为入罪标准。同时,因“预见可能性”内涵的多义性及因果历程难以被实际支配,监管者是否违反了注意义务,应突破“具体的预见可能性说”,结合疫苗监管者所处的监管环节与职务内容,从规范与实质两个层面予以认定。

There is no special law on the regulatory of dereliction of duty in vaccines in China’s criminal law.When the regulatory negligence of the staffs of state organs is investigated for their negligence,the legal protection of this crime should not only be ordered,but should also include public safety."Significant loss"should be understood as a major loss which is protected by order and is of security-related benefits.In view of the different attributes of"typeⅠvaccine"and"typeⅡvaccine",in the former case,"significant loss"can’t be limited only to the loss of material benefits,while in the latter case,the loss of material benefits should be regarded as a standard of conviction.Meanwhile,since the ambiguity and causal course of the connotation of"foreseeing possibility"are difficult to be actually controlled by practice,whether the regulator violates the duty of care should be determined from two levels of standard and substance by breaking through the"specific foreseeable possibility theory"and combining the supervision link and job content of the vaccine regulator.