“终身犯罪人”和“只限青春期犯罪人”——特里·墨菲特犯罪人二分法的创立、演变及启示

"Life-Course-Persistent Offenders"and"Adolescence-Limited Offenders":The Creation,Development and Enlightenment of Terry E.Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy

美国学者特里·墨菲特将犯罪人划分为“终身犯罪人”和“只限青春期犯罪人”,二者在犯罪形态、犯罪原因、犯罪戒除方面都具有明显差异。终身犯罪人占人口极少数,他们之所以会不断持续犯罪,源于犯罪生物学因素和社会环境因素的累积性互动。占更大比例的只限青春期犯罪人之所以会选择犯罪,是基于生理成熟与社会地位之间不平衡导致的“成熟差距”,以及对周围终身犯罪人行为的羡慕和模仿。墨菲特的犯罪人分类法对犯罪原因的解读提出了创新性构想,将多学科研究方法引入犯罪学研究,复兴并改良了传统的犯罪生物学,对犯罪预防、犯罪矫治乃至司法审判均具有重要的启发和借鉴价值。

Terry E.Moffitt divides criminals into"Life-Course-Persistent Offenders"and"Adolescence-Limited Offenders",which have obvious differences in crime pattern,crime causes and crime withdrawal.Life-Course-Persistent offenders account for a very small number of the population,and the reason why they continue to commit crimes is due to the cumulative interaction between biological factors and social environment factors.Meanwhile,the Adolescence-Limited Offenders who account for a larger proportion choose to commit crimes based on the"maturity gap"caused by the imbalance between physiological maturity and social status,as well as the admiration and imitation of the behavior of the surrounding Life-Course-Persistent offenders.Moffitt’s criminal classification put forward an innovative idea on the interpretation of criminal causes,which introduced the multidisciplinary research method into criminology research,revived and improved the traditional criminal biology,and had important inspiration and reference value for crime prevention,crime correction and judicial trial.