强奸罪中的被害人承诺新论——以中国与英美刑法比较为视角

A New Study on Victim’s Consent in Rape Law——From the Perspective of Comparison between Chinese and Anglo-American Criminal Law

被害人是否对性行为作出了有效承诺是强奸罪认定中的关键问题。在英美刑法理论中,关于承诺的本质存在态度说、行为说和混合说的争论。在中国刑法中,应当认为强奸罪中承诺的本质不在于被害人对性行为的主观心理态度,而在于其表达同意发生性行为的外部行为。承诺的有效性表现在承诺行为的作出主观上是被害人自主意志的选择和决定。在被胁迫而作出承诺的情况下,应当区别行为人提出的胁迫条件是“威胁”还是“利诱”分别判断承诺的有效性。在被欺骗而承诺的情形里,可以根据欺骗内容的不同,将欺骗划分为性质欺骗、对象欺骗、质量欺骗、行为目的欺骗等类型,分别判断承诺的有效性。

Whether the victim has made a valid consent is a critical issue in the determination of rape.In the theory of Anglo-American criminal law,there are controversies among attitudinal account,performative account and hybrid view.In Chinese criminal law,we should hold that the essence of consent lies not in the victim’s subjective mental attitude but in the objective act which expresses the attitude.The validity of consent lies in that the objective act was done out of the free choice and determination of the victim.When consent was given under coercion,it’s validity that should be determined by distinguishing whether the defendant’s proposal was a threat or an"offer".While consent was made under deception,it’s validity that should be determined by distinguishing deception as to the nature of the act,deception as to the identity of the actor,deception as to the quality of the act and deception as to the purpose of the act.