不作为犯新形态与公民积极义务的限制

New Form of Crime of Omission and Limitation of Positive Obligations Imposed on Citizens

当今世界不少国家包括我国刑法中的义务都呈现扩张趋势。任何基于他人安全考量而通过不作为犯所强加的责任都不应是无限制的。传统作为义务学说难以说明现代社会刑法中公民积极义务的法理。现有不作为犯新形态各有其正当化根据,无法类推适用到其他犯罪类型。公民反恐合作义务以公民的宪法地位为根据,网络服务提供者的合作义务则是信息网络权力结构的产物。限制刑法中公民积极义务的过度扩张,应从宪法与刑法两方面进行。对于刑事立法而言,关键在于明确义务的分层与犯罪的类型及严重程度,控制刑法的调整范围。

Many countries in the world today,including China’s criminal law obligations,present the problem of expansion.Any liability imposed through omission based on the safety of others should not be unlimited.The traditional doctrine of duty can hardly explain the legal principle of criminal law citizens’positive duty in modern society.The existing new forms of omission have their own justifications and cannot be applied analogously to other types of crimes.Citizens’obligation to cooperate in anti-terrorism is based on the constitutional status of terrorists,and the obligation of cooperation of network service providers is a product of the power structure of information networks.To restrict the excessive expansion of citizens’active obligations in the criminal law,we should proceed from both the constitution and the criminal law.For criminal legislation,the key is to clarify the classification of obligations and the type and severity of crimes,and to control the scope of criminal law adjustments.