不完全履行下债权人救济途径选择权之限制

Restrictions on the Option of Relief Methods for Creditors under Incomplete Performance

在不完全履行的情形下,为了尽快确定违约后合同双方当事人的法律关系,兼顾对债务人和债权人的利益保护,债权人的救济途径选择权需要受到时效以外的限制。对此,考虑到类推适用选择之债或适用债权人减损义务等既有规范具有局限性,因而确定补正履行的优先地位是一种更为合适的限制手段。该限制手段不仅符合我国法上以实际履行为原则性救济途径的立场,还符合域外法上的立法趋势。通过比较域外具有代表性的债务人补正权模式和债权人催告模式,可以发现债权人催告模式更适用于我国现行法体系。当补正履行丧失优先地位时,债务人可以通过补正提供倒逼债权人选择,或在特殊情形下适用我国《民法典》第580条第2款解除合同。

In the event of a lack of conformity,to determine the legal relationship between the parties after a breach of contract as soon as possible,and to take into account the protection of the interests of both the obligor and the obligee,except the limitation period,the obligee’s right to choose remedies needs to be limited.In this regard,considering the limitation of the existing provisions about the analogy of alternative obligation or the application of mitigation,determining the priority status of repair and replacement is a more appropriate method.It does not only comply with Chinese law in which the specific performance is the principal remedy but is also in line with the trend of extraterritorial legislation.In addition,for determining the priority status of repair and replacement,a comparison between the representative extraterritorial model of the obligor’s right to cure and the obligee’s notice model shows that the obligee’s notice model is more in line with the Chinese legal system.Finally,when the repair and replacement lose their priority status,the obligor may offer to force the obligee to receive,or in exceptional circumstances,apply Article 580(2)of the Chinese Civil Code to terminate the contract.