论效力性和非效力性强制性规定的区分——以《民法典》第153条为中心

Distinction Between Effective and Non-effective Mandatory Provisions

《民法典》第153条是我国民事立法和司法实践经验的总结和发展,从形式上看,该条规定的是一种原则和例外的关系,但其实质上旨在区分效力性强制性规定和非效力性强制性规定,并将其作为认定民事法律行为效力的标准。在司法实践中,准确识别效力性强制性规定,对于维护交易安全、鼓励交易、维护诚信原则等具有重要意义。从法律适用层面看,首先需要通过各种法律解释方法,并通过利益平衡等方式,准确识别相关规范的性质,同时,需要借助类型化的方式,对效力性强制性规范进行类型区分。此外,在适用《民法典》第153条规定时,还需要厘清违反效力性强制性规定与违背公序良俗之间的关系,不能简单地借助违背公序良俗规则将规章等规范性文件作为判断民事法律行为无效的标准。

Article 153 of the Civil Code is a summary and development of China’s civil legislation and judicial practice.Formally,this article provides for a relationship between principles and exceptions,but in essence,it aims to distinguish between effective mandatory provisions and non-effective mandatory provisions,which are criteria for determining the effectiveness of civil legal acts.In judicial practice,identifying the effective mandatory provisions is important for maintaining the security of transactions,encouraging transactions,and maintaining the principle of good faith.From the perspective of legal application,first of all,it is necessary to accurately identify the nature of the relevant norms through proper legal interpretation and the balancing of interests formula,etc.At the same time,it is necessary to distinguish the types of validity of mandatory norms by means of typology.In addition,when applying the provisions of Article 153,it is necessary to clarify the relationship between the violation of the effective mandatory provisions and the violation of public order and morality.Regulations and other normative documents cannot be used as criteria for judging the invalidity of civil legal acts simply on the basis of the rule that they are contrary to public order and morality.