比较法视野中的实验动物伦理与安全法治模式——兼谈实验动物法与中国特色动物保护法体系建设的关系

Rule of Law Model of Experimental Animal Ethics and Safety in Perspective of Comparative Law

实验动物法涉及多重利益平衡和综合风险防控,其中的重点是伦理和安全。我国实验动物法律制度存量不足,应重视实验动物法治模式选择。对域外法治经验的分析显示,以立法和行政监管为主的欧盟模式较之以受到执法监督的自行监管为主的美国模式对我国更具借鉴意义。我国实验动物法治优化路径,应以加强国家立法、理顺行政监管体制、加强行政能力建设为核心,而立法重点在于在国家立法中引入福利、安全、风险预防、3R原则等理念和原则,并加强机构内部动物管理和福利组织、实验后动物处置等方面的制度建设。实验动物法研究提示,应在中国特色动物保护法体系建设中贯彻"保护优先"原则,并在《野生动物保护法》修法和体系整体构建时重视对实验动物法的研究。

Laboratory animal law involves balancing various values and preventing and controlling comprehensive risks,the most important topics of which are ethics and security.China is faced with insufficient legal institutions of laboratory animal law.Therefore,it is necessary to determine the rule of law approach to laboratory animals.Analysis of the rule of law experiences of other jurisdictions suggests that the E.U.approach,based on legislation and administrative regulation,has more referential significance than the U.S.approach,featuring enforced self-regulation.To improve the laboratory animal rule of law in China,the crux is to strengthen state-level legislation,to rationalize the administrative regime and to build up the administrative capabilities.The state-level legislation should be advanced in several regards:to introduce the ideas and principles of welfare,security,precautionary principle,3 R principles,to add institutions in terms of,among others,institution-level care and welfare bodies and the final disposition of animals after the procedures.Analysis of laboratory animal law suggests that,in building an animal protection law system with Chinese characteristics,the principle of"protection as a priority"must be carried throughout.Additionally,when amending the Wild Animal Protection Law and constructing other components of the animal protection law system,references should be made to the study of laboratory animal law.