论无因管理之“无因”

《民法典》第121条和第979条将“无因”界定为“没有法定的或者约定的义务”,但这一表述尚不足以揭示该构成要件的实质,也无法为实践中争议情形的裁判提供确切指引。基于互惠利他主义的无因管理制度价值基础,“无因”的价值基础应为互惠利他主义之中的合作,进而形成阻却互惠利他合作拟制可能性之“因”与阻却互惠利他合作拟制必要性之“因”的类型区分。行政机构基于国家对公民基本权利的保护义务或给付义务而负有的事务管理义务,与近亲属之间基于亲缘利他主义而负有的抚养、赡养、扶养义务以及紧急情形下亲缘利他行为推定的优先性,是阻却互惠利他合作拟制可能性之“因”。管理人基于合同而向受益人或第三人负有的事务管理义务或管理人享有事务管理的权限,以及法律规定或先行行为引起的特别注意义务,是阻却互惠利他合作拟制必要性之“因”。

According to Article 121 and Article 979 of Chinese Civil Code,negotiorum in civil law means no statutory obligation and no agreed obligation.Since the value foundation of negotiorum gestio is reciprocal altruism,the meaning of negotiorum prefers to the fictional cooperation which is made by law rather than altruism.Thus negotiorum could be divided into two types which refers to the possibility or the necessity of the fictional cooperation.The causes which deters the possibility of the fictional cooperation contain the unequal relationship between the subjects when administrative agencies discharge the protective obligation and paying obligation of the nation,and the close kinship between the first degree relatives.The causes which deters the necessity of the fictional cooperation contain the gestor’s managerial obligation for the beneficiary or the third party,the gestor’s authority to manage,and the special obligation of care which is regulated by civil law or criminal law or caused by an advanced behavior.