居住权制度立法供给与司法需求的完美对接——“邱某与董某某居住权执行案”评释

The Norm Supply on the Right to Housing and the Judicial Demand:Case Note on "The Dispute over the Enforcement of the Right to Housing between Qiu and Dong"

民法典实施前,物权性的居住权虽未由制定法明文规定,但基于物权法定主义的缓和,应认可其物权性。以本案为典型,对于这类当事人意定的居住权,因居住使用的法律事实持续至民法典施行后,加之民法典时间效力“空白溯及”原则,适用民法典关于居住权的相关规定,认定当事人享有用益物权性质的居住权,更有利于保障居住权人的合法权益。以遗嘱方式设立居住权,不能直接适用登记生效规则,应考察继承情形下物权变动的两个阶段。第一阶段居住权自被继承人死亡时设立,由遗产继受人共同享有;第二阶段若采用协议或遗嘱指定分割方式,居住权自登记时生效;若此阶段有生效裁判文书对居住权确认,则居住权自裁判文书生效时设立。按照遗嘱或生效裁判文书申请首次居住权登记,可由遗嘱或生效裁判文书确定的居住权人单方申请。

Before the implementation of the civil code,the real right of habitation is not explicitly recognized by the enactment law.However,it should be recognized as property right based on the relaxation of numerus clauses.Because the legal facts of residence lasted until the implementation of the Civil Code,as well as the principle of blank retroactivity of the validity in terms of time,the relevant provisions of the civil Code on the right of residence can be applied in this case.Through the adoption of relevant provisions on the right of habitation in the civil Code,it is more beneficial to protect the legitimate rights of habitation by identifying the right of habitation with the nature of usufruct.The establishment of the right of habitation by testator cannot directly apply the principle of registration validity,so we should investigate the two stages of the change of property rights in the inheritance case.In the first stage,the right of residence shall be established upon the decedent’s death and shall be jointly owned by the inheritors.In the second stage,if the agreement or will is adopted,the right of residence will be effective upon registration.If the effective judgment is confirmed in the second stage,the right of residence shall be established upon the effective judgment.An application for the first registration of the right of residence in accordance with a will or an effective judgment can be made solely by the holder of the right of habitation.